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BioChem > Anatomy Exam I Chpt 1-2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam I Chpt 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

study of structures

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

study of body functions

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3
Q

What are the various specialties of anatomy and physiology?

A
  • gross anatomy
  • microscopic anatomy
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4
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

visible structures to the eye
- macroscopic (surface, regional, systematic, developmental, clinical)

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5
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

cytology & histology

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6
Q

What are the levels of organization from simplest to complex?

A
  • chemical
  • cellular
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
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7
Q

What are the three components of homeostatic?

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
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8
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

body working to keep stable environment/equilibrium
- achieve by responding to internal and external stimuli and bringing body back to a set point

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9
Q

What is the role of a control center in a homeostatic?

A

processes signals and sends instructions to effector

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10
Q

What is the role of a receptor in homeostatic?

A

receives stimulus

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11
Q

What is the role of the effector in a homestatic?

A

carries out instructions from control center

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12
Q

What are the two mechanisms of homeostatic regulation?

A
  • intrinsic (autoregulation)
  • extrinsic
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13
Q

What is Extrinsic Regulation?

A

Nervous & Endocrine systems control response
- ex. exercise ause NS to increase HR, circulate blood quicker, decrease digestion, increase blood to muscles

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14
Q

What is intrinsic regulation (autoregulation)?

A

autonomic response in organ, tissue, or cell to an environmental change
- ex. decrease in O2 –> cells release chemical –> blood vessels dilate, increase blood flow, increase O2

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15
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

body moves away from homeostasis to speed up processes
- ex. child labor

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16
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

body is brought back to homeostasis/set point
-ex. body temp

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17
Q

What are the major organs of the integumentary system?

A
  • Hair
  • Skin
  • Nails
  • Sweat Glands
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18
Q

What are the major functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  • protection from external environment
  • body temp reg.
  • detects sensory info
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19
Q

What are the major organs of the skeletal system?

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • bone marrow
  • ligaments
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20
Q

What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support/protection
  • blood cell formation
  • storage of calcium and minerals
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21
Q

What are the major organs of the muscular system?

A
  • muscles
  • tendons
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22
Q

What are the major functions of the muscular system?

A
  • movement
  • heat generation & body temp. reg.
  • protection/support
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23
Q

What are the major organs of the nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • sens organs
  • peripheral organs
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24
Q

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

A
  • interpet sensory info.
  • coordinate other organ systems
  • direct responses to stimulus
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25
Q

What are the major organs of the endocrine system?

A
  • pancreas
  • gonads
  • pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
  • endocrine tissues
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26
Q

What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

A
  • center of developmental changes
  • metabolic activity
  • help with long-term changes of other systems
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27
Q

What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • blood vessels
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28
Q

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • helps in control of body temp
  • helps distribute water, blood, cells, nutrients, waste, O2, and CO2
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29
Q

What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?

A
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • ly,phatic vessels
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
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30
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • protects from bacteria/infections
  • returns tissue fluid to blood stream
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31
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • sinuses
  • nasal cavities
  • bronchi
  • alveoli
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31
Q

What are the major organs of the digestive system?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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32
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • bring air to alveoli
  • bring O2 to bloodstream
  • rid of CO2 from blood
  • produce sounds for communication
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33
Q

What are the major organs of the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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34
Q

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

A
  • absorbs/saves water
  • absorbs nutrients
  • stores energy
  • processes/digests food
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34
Q

What are the major organs of the male reproductive system?

A
  • prostate gland
  • seminal vesicles
  • ductus deferentia
  • epididymis
  • testes
  • penis
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35
Q

What are the major functions of the urinary system?

A
  • rids of waste from blood
  • stores urine
  • regulates blood ion conc. & pH
  • controls water balance (urine)
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36
Q

What are the major functions of the male reproductive system?

A
  • produce male sex cells, suspending fluids, & hormones
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37
Q

What are the major organs of the female reproductive system?

A
  • ovaries
  • uterus
  • labia
  • mammary glands
  • uterine tubes
  • vagina
  • clitoris
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38
Q

Define chemistry

A

science of matter

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38
Q

What are the major functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce female sex cells & hormones
  • support embryo
  • nourishment/milk for newborn
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39
Q

Define matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies volume/space

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40
Q

What is an atom?

A

smallest unit of matter

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41
Q

How does atomic structure affect interactions between atoms?

A
  • atoms made up of subatomic particles
  • # of e- in valence shell determines size of orbit, energy levels, & stability
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42
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

donation or acceptance of e- from an atom
- cations: + atoms, e- donors
- anions: - atoms, e- acceptors

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43
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

sharing of e- btwn 2 atoms
- polar: unequal sharing of e- btwn 2 atoms
- nonpolar: + sharing of e- btwn 2 atoms

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44
Q

What are Hydrogen Bonds?

A

bonds btwn adjacent/close by molecules
- slightly + H atoms & slightly - area of a polar molecule
- H2O

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45
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

breaks down reactants into smaller products (breaks down chemical bonds)
- gives off/releases energy
- AB –> A + B

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46
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

forms chemical bonds
- uses energy
- A + B –> AB

47
Q

What is a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

2 molecules joined by taking out water
A-H + HO-B –> A-B+H2O

48
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

splits/breaks down a molecule w addition of water
A-B + H2O –> A-H + HOB

49
Q

What is anabolism

A

synthesis of new molecule (need energy)

50
Q

What is catabolism?

A

decomposition in body (breaks bonds - releases energy)

51
Q

What are reactants?

A

materials going into a reaction

52
Q

what are products?

A

materials being produced/coming out of a reaction

53
Q

What is energy?

A

ability to perform work (movement or change in structure of matter)

  • potential
  • kinetic
54
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy
- changes into kinetic energy & heat

55
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy of motion
- movement of matter

56
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all reactions in cells & tissues
- storage, suing energy, make products

57
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A
  • anabolism
  • catabolism
58
Q

What is anabolism?

A

synthesis of new molecules (need energy)

59
Q

What is catabolism?

A

decomp. in body (bonds break - release energy)

60
Q

What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

A

enzymes perform as catalysts in metabolism
- speed up reactions by decreased activation energy of reactions w/o used up or consumed

61
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

release more energy than needed to start?

62
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

consume/need more energy than releases

63
Q

What are organic chemicals?

A

molecules with C & H
- carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

64
Q

What are inorganic chemicals?

A

NO C or H
- ex. CO2, H2O, inorganic acid, bases, salts

65
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  • reactivity
  • high heat capacity
  • lubrication
  • solubility
  • polarity
66
Q

Define pH

A

of H+ ions in solution

67
Q

What is the pH scale

A

0-14
- 0-6 = acidic
- 8-14 = basic
- 7 = neutral
- ~7.4 = blood

68
Q

What is the pH in the body?

A

pH < 7.35 = acidosis
pH < 7 = coma
pH > 7.45 = alkalosis (uncontrollable muscle twitching)

69
Q

What is the function of acids?

A

separate to anion & H+ in solution (donate protons)
- strong acids separate completely
HCl –> H+ + Cl-

70
Q

What are the functions of bases?

A

add more OH- to solution, remove H+
- separate into OH- & cation
- Strong bases separate fully
NaOH –> Na+ + OH-

71
Q

What are salts?

A

ionic compound no H+ or OH-
- no direct affect H+ or OH- case

72
Q

What elements do carbohydrates have?

A
  • C, H, & O (1:2:1)
73
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

74
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharide
  • disaccharide
  • polysaccharide
75
Q

What are characteristics of monosaccharides?

A
  • simple sugars (3-7 C atoms “ose”)
  • can be brought into cell
    - ex. glucose
76
Q

What are characteristics of disaccharides?

A
  • 2 simple sugars (dehydration synthesis)
  • have to be broken down into simple sugars for usable energy
    - ex. sucrose, maltose, lactose
77
Q

What are characteristics of polysaccharides?

A
  • created w repeated dehydration reactions btwn monosaccharides
    - ex. glycogen, starches, plant starches
    - stores glucose
78
Q

What elements make up lipids?

A

C, H & little O (1:2)

79
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A
  • insulation
  • structure
  • energy
  • cushioning
80
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
81
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

made of glycerol & 3 fatty acids
- fatty acid has carboxyl group & long C skeleton/chain
- mono, di, tri –> # fatty acids

82
Q

What are the functions of triglycerides?

A
  • energy
  • insulation
  • organ protection
  • stored under skin & around organs
83
Q

What is the structure for phospholipids?

A
  • 2 fatty acids & phosphate groups attached to glycerol
    - tail = hydrophobic
    - head = hydrophilic
84
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A
  • carbon chain with 4 rings of functional groups
85
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A
  • reg. of metabolism
  • bone growth
  • sexual function
  • cell membranes
  • dietary fats
  • mineral balance
86
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A
  • support transport
  • buffers
  • movement
  • coordination
  • control
  • defense
87
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

C, H, O, N – > built from 20 amino acids (monomers)
- peptides

88
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

89
Q

What are peptides?

A

amino acids joined by covalent bonds btwn carbonyl and amine groups

90
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

polypeptide chains

91
Q

What are the shapes of proteins?

A

1° amino acid sequence
2° H bonds in polypeptide chain (α-helix, β pleated sheet)
3° 3D folding
4° 7 structures tg - final protein shape

92
Q

What are fibrous vs globular proteins?

A
  • fibrous:
    • strands/sheets
  • Globular:
    • enzymes/hormons
    • compact/rounded
93
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

A

store/transfer info

94
Q

What are the 2 classes of Nucleic Acids?

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
95
Q

Describe DNA

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
    • genes
    • leads protein synthesis
    • leads cell processes
    • twisting double helix
96
Q

Describe RNA

A
  • ribonucleic acid
    - protein synthesis
    - 3 types: (mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA)
    - U NOT T
97
Q

What is the structure of nucleic acids?

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases

98
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

energy used by cells
- ATP –> ADP

99
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

nucleotide & phosphate groups
- mono (AMP)
- di (ADP)
- tri (ATP)

100
Q

Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?

a. pH 1
b. pH 14
c. pH 7
d. pH 10
e. pH 2

A

a. pH 1

101
Q

True or False:

There are more than 50 tissue types in human body

A

False

102
Q

List 4 major organs of integumentary system

A
  • hair
  • skin
  • nails
  • sweat glands
103
Q

In general, the nervous system does each of the following except

a. help to maintain homeostasis
b. respond rapidly to change
c. direct long-term responses to change
d. direct very specific responses
e. interpret sensory info

A

c. direct long-term responses to change

104
Q

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

a. releases chemical messengers called hormones
b. produces a more rapid response than the nervous system
c. produces effects that last for days or longer
d. produces an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time

A

b. produces a more rapid response than the nervous system

105
Q

Which organ system includes the spleen and the tonsils?

a. digestive
b. cardiovascular
c. endocrine
d. nervous
e. lymphatic

A

e. lymphatic

106
Q

Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation?

a. integumentary
b. muscular
c. skeletal
d. nervous
e. endocrine

A

c. skeletal

107
Q

A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n)

a. receptor
b. thermoregulator
c. hypothalamus
d. effector
e. stimulus

A

d. effector

108
Q

If a response increases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

a. deficit
b. negative
c. neutral
d. polarized
e. positive

A

e. positive

109
Q

Disease is an indicator of

a. negative feedback
b. signs and symptoms
c. homeostatic failure
d. positive feedback
e. all of the are correct

A

c. homeostatic failure

110
Q

The nucleus of an atom consists of

a. electrons
b. protons
c. neutrons
d. protons + neutrons
e. protons + electrons

A

d. protons + neutrons

111
Q

The “atomic number” of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has

a. electrons
b. protons
c. neutrons
d. protons + neutrons
e. protons + electrons

A

b. protons

112
Q

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?

a. sulfur
b. sodium
c. oxygen
d. potassium
e. carbon

A

c. oxygen

113
Q

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of

a. protons in the nucleus
b. electrons in the nucleus
c. neutrons in the nucleus
d. electron clouds
e. electrons in energy shells

A

c. neutrons in the nucleus

114
Q

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is

a. 26
b. 16
c. 18
d. 8
e. 12

A

c. 18

115
Q

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
e. 8

A

b. 2

116
Q

Helium (HE) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it

a. is neutral in electrical charge
b. readily ionizes to react with other atoms
c. has a full outer electron shell
d. will form a covalent bond with another He atom
e. lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable

A

c. has a full outer electron shell

117
Q

Sodium (NA) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutral sodium atom?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 8

A

a. 1

118
Q
A

BioChem (5 decks)

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