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BioChem > Anatomy Exam 1: Chpt 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1: Chpt 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do all cells share?

A
  • plasma/cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • organelles
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2
Q

What is cellular physiology?

A

study of cell function

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3
Q

what is cytology?

A

study of cell structure

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of cells?

A
  1. cell metabolism/energy use
  2. synthesis of molecules
  3. communication
  4. reproduction and inheritance
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5
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells

A
  • sex cells (germ cells, reproductive cells)
  • somatic cells (all other cells in body)
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6
Q

What is the extracellular fluid?

A

body fluid outside of cells
- interstitial fluid (tissue spaces) & blood plasma

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7
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

tissue spaces & blood plasma

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8
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

in cytoplasm
- cytosol
- cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is the cytosol?

A
  • inside cell outside nucleus
  • nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste
  • high K+, low Na-
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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

all materials inside cell & outside nucleus

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11
Q

What is the nucleus? (components, function, functions)

A
  • function: control center
  • determines
    • all functions of cell
    • what proteins to synthesize
  • components:
    • nuclear envelope
    • nuclear pores
    • nucleoplasm
    • nucleolus
    • chromatin
    • chromosomes
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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cytoplasm?

A
  • cytosol
  • organelles
  • cytoskeleton
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12
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • cell’s skeleton
  • determines where reactions occur
    • microfilaments (smallest)
    • intermediate filaments
    • microtubules (largest)
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13
Q

What are intermediate filaments? (protein subunit, functions)

A
  • protein subunit: keratin
  • functions:
    • nuclear lamina
    • strengthen cell
    • resist stress
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13
Q

What are microfilaments? (location, protein subunit, functions)

A
  • found in periphery
  • protein subunit: actin
  • functions
    • anchorage
    • muscle contraction
    • cleavage furrow
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13
Q

What are Microtubules? (location, protein subunit, functions)

A
  • large hollow tubes
  • subunit: tubulin
  • functions:
    • basal body (supports cilia)
    • forms spindle apparatus
    • cell shape
    • cell division (mitotic spindle)
    • cell motility (cilia & flagella - sperm)
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14
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • separates inside/outside cell
  • reg. exchange w environment
  • sensitivity to environment
  • structural support
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14
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • carbs
  • glycoproteins
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15
Q

What is the bilayer of the plasma membrane made up of?

A

phospholipids
- hydrophilic heads
- hydrophobic fatty-acid tails

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16
Q

What contributes to membrane fluidity?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

what proteins are in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
  • anchoring proteins
  • recognition proteins
  • enzymes
  • receptors (integral)
  • G-protein linked
  • transport proteins
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18
Q

what are integral proteins?

A
  • go through membrane
    -hydrophobic/hydrophilic parts
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19
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A
  • bound inner/outer surface of membrane
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20
Q

What are anchoring (attachment) proteins?

A
  • attach to cytoskeleton
  • attach to ECM
  • attach cell-cell
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21
Q

what are recognition (marker) proteins?

A
  • label cells “self” vs. “non-self”
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22
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • either integral or peripheral
  • catalyze reactions inside/outside cell
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23
Q

What are receptors?

A
  • integral
  • bind/respond to ligands (ions/hormones)
  • ex. insulin is ligand for insulin receptor
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24
Q

What are receptors linked to channel proteins?

A
  • ion channel opens/closes
  • alters what can go through PM
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25
Q

What is a G-Linked Protein?

A
  • activates signal transduction & amplifies message
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26
Q

What are transport protein channels?

A
  • reg. flow of water & small solutes through membrane
  • hydrophilic groups line channel
  • ex. non-gated: leak, gated: voltage & ligand
  • ex. calcium, sodium channels
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27
Q

What are transport protein carrier proteins?

A
  • transport specific solutes through membrane
  • types: passive transport, ATP powdered pumps (need ATP)
  • ex. glucose carriers
28
Q

What are membrane carbohydrates?

A

carb portions extend outside cell membrane (receptors)
- glycoproteins : membrane proteins + carb. group
- glycolipids: membrane lipids + carb. group

29
Q

What is glycolyx?

A

“sugar coat” layer of carbs on plasma membrane

30
Q

What are the functions of the glycolyx?

A
  • protection
  • anchoring (sticky)
  • binding (specific)
  • recognition (self vs nonself)
31
Q

What is the ion and molecule distribution across the plasma membrane?

A
  • intracellular: enzymes, proteins, glycogen, K+
  • extracellular: Na2+, Ca2+, & Cl-
32
Q

Is the ion and molecule distribution across the plasma membrane equal?

A

No

33
Q

Is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?

A

yes
- free passage of some materials
- restriction of passage for some materials

34
Q

What substances can cross the plasma membrane?

A

small, neutrally charged, lipid soluble substances

35
Q

What is passive transport?

A

move of substances across plasma membrane W/O ATP

  • diffusion of solutes
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
36
Q

What is active transport?

A

NEEDS ATP, from breakdown of ATP

37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from higher to lower conc.

  • PASSIVE
38
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

difference btwn high & low conc.

39
Q

What are factors that influence rate of diffusion?

A
  • distance
  • molecular size
  • temp.
  • surface area
  • conc. gradient
  • electrical forces
  • diffusion medium (solid, liquid, gas)
40
Q

Explain Faciliated Diffusion

A
  • NO ATP needed
  • diffusion DOWN conc. gradient
  • channels (smaller ions)
  • carriers (larger org. molecules ex. glucose)
41
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane
- HIGH to LOW conc.
- LESS solute to MORE solute

42
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

amt of solute per volume

43
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

force that water moves to HIGHER solute/osmotic pressure
- higher solute, higher osmotic pressure

44
Q

What are Aquaporins?

A

water channels
- speed rate of water diffusion

45
Q

What is tonocity?

A

how solution affects a cell

46
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

iso=same
- no osmotic flow

47
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

less solute
- water flow into cell
- cell swells (lyse)

48
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

more solute
- water flow out of cell
- cell shrink (crenate)

49
Q

What are the ion pumps for active transport?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+

50
Q

What are the exchange pumps for active transport?

A

Cl-

51
Q

What is active transport?

A

needs ATP
- ATP powered pumps
- ex. Na/K exchange pump

52
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Na/K ion exchange pump: transport Na out cell, K inside cell (want low Na, high K)
- 3 Na out
- 2 K in

53
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A
  • indirect ATP use
  • transports 1 substrate down conc. gradient & brings 1 different substrate up conc. gradient
54
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A
  • materials move in/out of cell in sacs off plasma membrane (vesicles)
  • NEEDS ATP
  • types:
    • endocytosis
    • exocytosis
55
Q

What are the types of endocytosis?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated vesicular transport
56
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

cell-drinking

56
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

‘cell-eating”

57
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • ligands bind to receptors & form vesicle
  • cholesterol uptake
58
Q

What is receptor mediated exocytosis

A
  • vesicle fuses w PM
  • contents released
  • balance PM depletion from endocytosis
59
Q

What is the transmembrane potential?

A

electrical difference btwn inside/outside of cell

60
Q

What is Meiosis?

A
  • sex cell division
  • Function: reproduction
61
Q

What is mitosis?

A

somatic cell division
- Function: growth, tissue renewal

62
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?

A

23 pairs

63
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

2 chromosomes that make up each pair
- 1 from mom
- 1 from dad

64
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. interphase
  2. cell division
65
Q

What are the parts of interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
66
Q

What occurs during G1?

A
  • btwn end of M & start of S phase
  • 8hrs-days
  • cell grows
  • organelles are replicated
  • centrosomes & centrioles are copied
67
Q

What occurs during S?

A
  • DNA synthesis/duplication
  • ~ 8 hr
  • separation of DNA strands
  • Goal: formation of 2 identical DNA molecules
  • makes histones & proteins
68
Q

What occurs during DNA replication?

A
  • complimentary base pairing (joined by hydrogen bonds)
  • leading strand
  • lagging strand
69
Q

What is the role of DNA Helicase in DNA Replication?

A

unzips DNA/breaks hydrogen bonds

70
Q

What is the role of DNA Ligase in DNA replication?

A

splices okazaki fragments

71
Q
A

BioChem (5 decks)

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