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Health.2 > Anatomy: CVS🫀 > Flashcards

Anatomy: CVS🫀 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pumps of the heart- structure and function?

A

specialised muscle that’s a closed system of tubes carrying blood to/from the capillary beds

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2
Q

What are the 2 circulations in the CVS?CVS

A

pulmonary and systemic

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3
Q

What circulation is the first pump associated with?

A

pulmonary

to lungs

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4
Q

What circulation is the second pump associated with?

A

systemic

arteries- arterioles- capillaries

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5
Q

Describe the journey of blood in the pulmonary circulation:

A

blood from sup/inferior vena cava:

right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary trunk to be reoxygenated in lungs

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6
Q

Describe the journey of blood in the systemic circulation:

A

oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins (lungs):

left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body

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7
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4 (2 from each lung)

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8
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

thoracic cavity - the thorax

then the mediastinum

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9
Q

What 2 apertures mark the beginning and end of the thorax?

A

start: superior thoracic aperture
end: inferior thoracic aperture

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10
Q

where is the inferior mediastinum located?

A

below plane between sternal angle and vertebrae T4/T5

above diaphragm

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11
Q

What structure covers the thoracic aperture?

A

diaphragm

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12
Q

How is the thorax split into 2 mediastinum?

A

the imaginary plane between the sternal angle and intervertebral disk between thoracic vertebrae IV and V:
these 2 mediastinum are the superior and inferior mediastinum

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13
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum further split into? (3)

A

the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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14
Q

Where in the thorax is the mediastinum located? a) anatomical relations to lungs

b) vertebrae
c) sternum

A

median portion of thorax

  • located centrally between lungs
  • anterior to vertebrae
  • posterior to sternum
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15
Q

What does the superior mediastinum contain?

A

the great vessels

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16
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

fibro-serous, fluid-filled sack that surrounds the muscular body of the heart and the roots of the great vessels (the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and the superior and inferior vena cavae).

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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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18
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

outer fibrous, tough sleeve protecting the heart from distention and enlargement

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19
Q

Which layer of the pericardium denotes the middle mediastinum (middle = division of inferior mediastinum)?

A

the fibrous layer - outer

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20
Q

What 2 structures is the fibrous pericardium attached inferiorly to?

A

inferiorly to the diaphragm and sternum, creating a base for the heart

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21
Q

What vessels is the fibrous pericardium associated with?

A

the great vessels, as the fibrous pericardium continues the adventitia of great vessels

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22
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

thinner, more delicate membrane, double layer

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23
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A

parietal (outer)

visceral (inner) - attached to myocardium of heart

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24
Q

hat allows to heart to contract and relax?

A

layers of serous pericardium slide over each other to allow movement during heart beat - allows contract, relax the serum fluid inside

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25
Q

What are the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium attached to?

A
  • Parietal attached to fibrous pericardium due to being outer
  • Visceral attached to myocardium of heart
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26
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart muscle?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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27
Q

What is the epicardium in terms of the pericardium?

A

the epicardium is the same as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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28
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

the musculature of the heart walls, allowing the pump to function

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29
Q

What is the endocardium? and whats it in contact with?

A

the protective inner lining of the heart, in contact with the blood

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30
Q

Pick the odd one out: epicardium, pericardium, myocardium and endocardium

A

pericardium: it isn’t a layer of heart muscle but rather the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart muscle; only the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the epicardium

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31
Q

What are the 5 surfaces of the heart?

A
  • Base/posterior
  • Anterior/sternocostal
  • Diaphragmatic
  • Left/right pulmonary
  • Apex
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32
Q

Why is the anterior surface of the heart also known as the sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

it’s in contact with the sternum (sterno) and costal cartilages (costal)

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33
Q

What ventricle forms the apex of the heart, and what direction does it inferiorly point to? (same answer)

A

left - the apex of heart formed by left ventricle points inferiorly to left

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34
Q

What structures divide the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

the sulci

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35
Q

What sulcus divides the atrium and ventricle (for both the left and right)? and what artery is found in here?

A

coronary sulcus and right coronary artery.

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36
Q

What blood vessels are found within the sulci?

A

the coronary arteries and veins

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37
Q

What sulci divide the right and left ventricle?

A

the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

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38
Q

What structure is found within the coronary sulcus and what does it separate?

A

coronary sinus: separates the atria and ventricles on each side

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39
Q

In what mediastinum are the great vessels located?

A

in the middle mediastinum

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40
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart? (4)

A

Superior and inferior vena cava,
pulmonary artery,
pulmonary veins,
aorta

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41
Q

What veins are the first branch that drain into the superior vena cava?

A

the brachiocephalic veins

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42
Q

Where do the brachiocephalic veins come from in body?

A
  • brachio = arm
  • cephalic = head
  • top-left comes from head and neck, top-right comes from arm
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43
Q

What are the 3 branches after the arch of the aorta is formed?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk:
    a) right subclavian artery,
    b) right common carotid artery
  2. left Common Carotid artery
  3. left Subclavian artery
    (123: alphabetical order/ BCS)
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44
Q

How does BCS help you remember the order of the branches of the aorta?

A

BCS = branches in alphabetical order: Brachiocephalic trunk, left Common carotid artery, left Subclavian artery

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45
Q

name the branch of right dominant coronary artery

A

posterior interventricular artery

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46
Q

whats characteristic about the functional end arteries (final branches) of the coronary circulation?

A

they dont overlap their supply or anastomose (no surgical connection)

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47
Q

what would a blockage in the (right marginal branch of right) coronary arteriy lead to?

A

reduced blood supply to left ventricle
cardiac muscle ischaemia
myocardial infarction (MI) or necrosis- distal

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48
Q

where do most cardiac veins drain into? and where does this structure drain into?

A

the coronary sinus –> drains into right atrium

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49
Q

where do the vessels: SVC, IVC and coronary sinus drain into?

A

right atrium

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50
Q

fossa ovalis in right atrium = site of?

A

septal defects. hole in heart

foramen valve: only in foetus- blood bypasses lungs, therefore affects children

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51
Q

what does the crista terminalis in right atrium contain?

A

SA node at its most superior extent.

within superior part of CT

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52
Q

6 structures in the right atrium?

A 
interatrial septum
crista terminalis
oectinate muscle
fossa ovalis
coronary sinus
tricuspid valve
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53
Q

where is the centre of intrinsic control in right atrium?

A

SA node in CT/ interatrial septum

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54
Q

blood exits the right ventricle via what?

A

pulmonary valve and trunk

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55
Q

what 2 structures in right ventricle prevent reflux to right atrium?

A

chordae tendinae and papillary muscle

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56
Q

role of moderator band (septomarginal trabecula) in right ventricle?

A

carries right bundle branch of atrioventricular bundle

57
Q

3 cusps: tricuspid valve attached to wall of right ventricle via?

A

the chordae tendinae

58
Q

what are the 2 pairs vessels in left atrium?

A

left and right pulmonary veins

59
Q

how does left atrium structure compare with right?

A

fewer features, smooth wall.

also valve of formaen ovale is seen on interatrial septum

60
Q

feautures of left ventricle

A

thicker myocardium: to force blood to circ system.

larger papillary muscle due to increased pressure

61
Q

where does blood from left ventricle exit by?

A

aorta and aortic valve

62
Q

name two two:

a) atrioventricular (AV) valves
b) semilunar (S) valves

A

a) tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve

b) pulmonary valve
aortic valve

63
Q

how do AV valves attach to papillary muscle?

and their role?

A

via chordae tendinae in ventricle.

prevents blood reflux into atrium

64
Q

semilunar valves have how many cusps each?

A

3

65
Q

where does aortic cusps also direct blood? (Semilunar valves)

A

also direct blood into left and right aortic sinus and into coronary circulation.

66
Q

5 steps of cardiac conduction system?

A
  1. SA node
  2. across atrial cardiac muscle wall
  3. AV node
  4. L and R AV bundle (Bundle of His)
  5. Purkinje fibres
67
Q

what does the cardiac conduction system (5 steps) allow ventricles to do?

A

ventricles contract from apex towards the semilunar valves

68
Q

neuronal control of heart: what is it modulated by?

A

ANS

69
Q

whats the intrinsic SA node rate

A

=100bpm

70
Q

cardiac plexus: parasympathetic input does what?

A

parasympathetic via vagus nerve
lowers HR and force (60bpm).
constricts coronary arteries

71
Q

cardiac plexus: sympathetic input does what?

A

(sympathetic trunk) increases HR and force.

72
Q

neuronal control of heart: whats HR modulated by?

A

Sympathetic nerves from inferior cervical ganglion

73
Q

two circulation in the CVS. what is supplied by the:

a) right side of heart
b) left

A

a) pulmonary

b) systemic

74
Q

where is heart located and what surrounds it?

A

in middle inferior mediastinum

surrounded by layers of fibrous and serous pericardium

75
Q

where do R and L coronary arteries originate at?

A

R and L aortic sinus.

coronary veins drain into coronary sinus

76
Q

whats common in all valves: structurally and functionally?

A

all have 3 cusps (excpet bicuspid) and prevent reflux of blood in heart chambers

77
Q

role of SA node?

A

where the conduction system of heart coordinates electrical activity from

78
Q

what regulates intrinsic HR of SA node? and normal value?

A

the ANS. normally 100bpm

79
Q

role of pacemaker cells?

A

keep heart beating by generating initial spark. generate own AP!
dont need initial stimulus.

intrinsic cardiac conduction system

80
Q

What are the 2 main functional parts of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • conducting: arteries/veins

- exchange: capillary bed that’s continuous w/ ECF

81
Q

what happens in exchange part of CVS?

A

nutrients waste gases enter ECF and leave cells

82
Q

What exists between arteries and veins to control blood flow in and out of a capillary?
what links capillary with artery and vein?

A

arterioles and venules

83
Q

What exists between arteries and veins to control blood flow in and out of a capillary?
what links capillary with artery and vein?

A

arterioles and venules

84
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessel walls? (hint: all begin with tunica)

A
  1. tunica externa/adventitia
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica intima
85
Q

What is the main composition of the tunica externa/adventitia?

A

collagen (support) and vasa vasorum (vessels supplying these vessels)

86
Q

What is the main composition of the tunica media?

A

thick smooth muscle/elastin

87
Q

What is the main composition of the tunica intima?

A

endothelium/subendothelium

88
Q

What can the tunica intima do in the veins?

A

form infoldings that are valves

89
Q

In what blood vessel is the tunica media the thickest layer and why?

A

arteries
- arterial system has high BP= needs abundant elastic tissue to expand and recoil

  • tunica media made mainly of elastin and thick smooth muscle
90
Q

In what blood vessel is the tunica adventitia the thickest layer and why?

A

veins

  • venous system is low pressure and the vascular walls are thinner
  • can have valves in lower body as blood shouldn’t pour into legs for example
91
Q

whats the name for vessel wall:

a) expansion
b) return to normal

A

a) systole

b) diastole

92
Q

Histological section of blood vessel walls

A 
V = vein
A = artery
Ad = tunica adventitia
M = tunica media
- note the thickness of the tunica media in the artery compared to the vein
93
Q

histological section: what can be seen regarding lumen and tunica media size in artery?

A

artery has smaller lumen than vein

thick tunica media of artery

94
Q

What composes the vessel wall of capillaries (beds) and why is it so different to the veins and arteries?

A
  • Endothelial cell layer only

- 1-cell thick wall creates path for diffusion to cells via extracellular space

95
Q

What vessels control BP and blood flow into the capillary beds and how?

A

Arterioles - constrict pre-capillary sphincters

- can do this during hot and cold days

96
Q

The 3 sections of the aorta and what do they supply?

A
  • the ascending aorta: coronary
  • the arch of the aorta: head and upper limb
  • the descending aorta: GI tract, kidneys
97
Q

What arteries branch off of the ascending aorta?

A

coronary arteries

98
Q

What 3 arteries branch off the arch of the aorta?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk (which has branches right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery)
  • left common carotid
  • left subclavian

BCS/alphabetical

99
Q

At what vertebral level does the descending aorta emerge through the diaphragm at?

A

T12

100
Q

What are the 3 GI tract branches of the descending aorta?

A
  • Coeliac trunk. foregut
  • Superior mesenteric. midgut
  • Inferior mesenteric. hindgut
101
Q

What is the non-GI tract branch of the descending aorta that follows the coeliac trunk?

A

the renal artery

102
Q

At what vertebral level do all the branches of the descending aorta bifurcate to become the common iliac arteries?

A

L4

103
Q

What are the 3 ‘gut’ sections of the GI tract?

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

104
Q

What section of the GI tract is supplied by the

a) coeliac trunk
b) sup mes artery
c) inf mes artery

A

a) foregut (up to 2nd part of duodenum)
b) midgut (up to distal 2/3 of transverse colon)
c) hindgut (from descending colon up to rectum and upper anal canal)

105
Q

What is the major GI tract vein?

A

the hepatic portal vein

106
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein drain?

A

blood from the stomach to the sigmoid colon (SI and LI), passing them to liver for filtration before return to systemic circulation

107
Q

How do 3 of the hepatic portal vein branches become the hepatic portal vein?

A
  • Inferior mesenteric drains into splenic

- Splenic will merge with superior mesenteric vein to become hepatic portal vein

108
Q

What vein takes the GI tract vein blood back to the heart and through what major vein?

A

hepatic vein takes it back to inferior vena cava of heart

109
Q

what does the common [main artery of pelvis] branch of to?

A

main: the iliac arteries
As the common iliac artery that branches off the aorta enters the pelvic brim, becomes the internal and external iliac artery

110
Q

What organ does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

the bladder

pelvis

111
Q

When the external iliac artery leaves the pelvis, it passes through the ________ ligament and becomes the _______ artery.

A

When the external iliac artery leaves the pelvis, it passes through the inguinal ligament and becomes the femoral artery.
(lower limb)

112
Q

What are the 3 upper (arm) proximal major arteries in the limbs?

A 
Subclavian (L,R branches)
->
branches become the axillary in the armpit
->
brachial which becomes distal arteries
113
Q

What are the 2 upper (arm) distal major arteries in the limbs?

A

radial and ulnar which is brachial after it has passed over the joints of the elbow

114
Q

What are the 3 pulse points in patients’ upper limbs (arms)?

A
  • brachial
  • ulnar
  • radial
115
Q

What are the 2 lower (leg) proximal major arteries in the limbs?

A
  • femoral (external iliac branch of common iliac which is branch of abdominal aorta)
    ->
    popliteal
116
Q

What are the 2 lower (leg) distal major arteries in the limbs?

A
  • tibial arteries (anterior and posterior) which are continuation of popliteal
  • fibular artery
117
Q

What are the 2 pulse points in the lower limbs?

A
  • popliteal artery pulse

- posterior tibial artery pulse

118
Q

superficial major veins in upper limbs?

A

cephalic, basilica drain into axillary

119
Q

deep major veins in upper limbs?

A

ulnar, radial -> brachial -> axillary

120
Q

axillary major veins in upper limbs?

A

subclavian

121
Q

superficial major veins in lower limbs?

A

great and small saphenous

122
Q

deep major veins in lower limbs?

A

anterior, posterior tibial -> popliteal vein

123
Q

where do major veins in lower limbs drain into?

A

femoral vein

124
Q

deep (vena comitantes) veins vs superficial (subcutaneous)

A

deep:
- paired/tripicated surround peripheral arteries
- pulse of artery, skeletal muscle contraction aids drainage

superficial:
-important in coronary bypass grafts!!

both have valves.

125
Q

what do varicose deep and superficial veins have?

A

varicose veins have damaged valves

126
Q

how do internal carotid arteries get to brain?

A

via carotid canal

127
Q

what do external carotid arteries supply?

A

neck/face/scalp

temporalis

128
Q

2 branches given off superficial temporal artery

A

external carotid
common carotid.

(no major arterial branches)

129
Q

common carotid arteries bifurcate/divide at superior border of ?

A

thyroid cartilage (C3/C4)

carotid sinus right in middle- within internal carotid (BP).

130
Q

carotid pulse is lateral to?

A

cricoid cartilage (C5/C6)

131
Q

3 cerebral arteries that supply the brain?

A

anterior
middle
posterior

132
Q

other than 3 cerebral arteries, what else of arterial ‘circle’?

A 
internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries(2ndary backup of supply)
133
Q

cause of CVA/ stroke?

A

limited supply to the cerebral arteries = cor blocked= no supply to brain

134
Q

what (lobe) is supplied by:

a) anterior cerebral artery
b) middle cerebral artery
c) posterior cerebral artery

A

a) frontal, parietal lobes
b) frontal…
c) occipital.

135
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses drain via?

A

the internal jugular vein

136
Q

the external jugular vein is superficial to what? and where does it drain into?

A

sup to sternocleidomastoid muscle.

tributaries: retromandibular vein and posterior auricular.
drainage: subclavian vein

137
Q

what is the internal jugular vein (IJV) located within? and what other 2 things are carried by that structure?

A

carotid sheath which carries: IJV, common carotid artery, vagus nerve

138
Q

internal jugular vein (IJV) drains into?

A

brachiocephalic vein

139
Q

what arteries can be blocked during a stroke?

A

ant, mid, post cerebral arteries of the internal carotid artery

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