Anatomy - Common Reproductive System Flashcards
Which bony features make up the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)?
Sacral promontory Ala of the sacrum Arcuate line of the ilium Pecten pubis Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis
Which bony features make up the inferior pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet)?
Inferior margin of pubic symphysis
Inferior rami of pubis
Sacrotuberous ligaments
Tip of the coccyx
Which parts of the pelvis are termed the true and false pelvis?
Greater pelvis - false
Lesser pelvis - true
What is the difference between a male and female greater pelvis?
Female - shallow
Male - deep
What is the difference between a male and female lesser pelvis?
Female - wide and shallow
Male - narrow and deep
What is the difference between a male and female pelvic inlet?
Female - oval or rounded
Male - heart shaped
What is the difference between a male and female pelvic outlet?
Female - comparatively large
Male - comparatively small
What is the difference between a male and female subpubic angle?
Female - obtuse, greater than 90 degrees
Male - acute, less than 90 degrees
What is the difference between a male and female obturator foramen?
Female - oval
Male - round
What is the difference between a male and female acetabulum?
Female - small
Male - large
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
Synovial plane
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous
Which muscle occupies the lateral pelvic wall?
Obturator internus
Which muscle is present in the posterior wall of the pelvis?
Piriformis
Which nerve plexus lies on the muscle forming the posterior wall of the pelvis?
Sacral plexus
What is the perineal body?
Central tendon of the perineum
What is the anococcygeal body?
A ligament extending from the coccyx to the anus
What are the two major parts of the pelvic diaphragm?
Levator ani
Coccygeus
What are two functions of the pelvic diaphragm?
Supports pelvic viscera
Maintenance of continence
What is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm?
Pudendal nerve (S2, S3) Nerve to levator ani (S4)
What is a cystocele?
Anterior vaginal wall prolapse of bladder into vagina
What is a rectocele?
Posterior vaginal wall prolapse of rectum into vagina
Why is a mediolateral episiotomy preferable to a midline episiotomy?
The midline episiotomy could tear down to the anal sphincter
Which part of the rectum drains into the portal circulation?
The superior rectal vein
Which part of the rectum drains into the systemic circulation?
The middle and inferior rectal veins
What are haemorrhoids?
Swollen or inflamed vascular structures in the anal canal
Why might haemorrhoids be associated with cirrhosis of the liver?
Obstruction of portal vein leading to enlarged vessels
What is the root value of the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
At what point does the ilioinguinal nerve enter the inguinal canal?
Superficial inguinal ring
What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply in the male and female?
Male - skin at the root of the penis
Female - labia
What is the root value of the genitofemoral nerve?
L1-2
At what point does the genitofemoral nerve enter the inguinal canal?
Deep inguinal ring
What structures in the male are supplied by the genital branch of the genito-femoral nerve?
Cremaster and dartos muscles
What is the clinical significance of the genital branch of the genito-femoral nerve?
The genitofemoral nerve is responsible for both the sensory (femoral branch) and motor portions (genital branch) of the cremasteric reflex, which describes contraction of the cremasteric muscle when the skin of the superior medial part of the thigh is touched.
From which segmental levels does the pudendal nerve arise?
S2, 3, 4
What bony landmarks are used when performing a pudendal nerve block during labour?
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial spine
What are the nerve roots of the sympathetic fibres?
L1 and L2
What plexus do the sympathetic fibres come from in the male?
Hypogastric plexus
What do the sympathetic fibres supply in the male?
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Epididymis
From which plexuses do the sympathetic fibres arise from in the female?
Pelvic and ovarian plexuses
What are the nerve roots of the parasympathetic fibres in the female?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves - S2, 3, 4
What are the nerve roots of the parasympathetic fibres in the male?
S2, 3, 4 via the hypogastric plexus
After rectal surgery, why are some men unable to ejaculate?
Damage to the pudendal nerve
Which structures are drained by the external iliac lymph nodes?
Glans penis
Glans clitoris
