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Year 1 Medicine > Anatomy arm sinuses bracplex S15-17 > Flashcards

Anatomy arm sinuses bracplex S15-17 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the upper limb?

A

The Pectoral Girdle
The arm
The forearm
The hand

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2
Q

What are the joints found within the upper limb?

A 
The Glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
The elbow joint
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
radiocarpal joints (wrist)
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3
Q

What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

A synovial ball and socket joint formed by the articulations between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus

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4
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow joint?

A

A synovial hinge joint formed by the articulations between the distal humerus and the ulnar and radius.

Responsible for flexion and extension of the forearm.

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5
Q

What movements do the joints between the radius and the ulnar allow for?

A

Pronation and supination of the forearm and hand

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6
Q

What movements does the radiocarpal joint allow for?

A

Flexion, Extension, abduction and adduction of the wrist.

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7
Q

What movements does the glenohumeral joint allow for?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction.

Movements of the shoulder are almost always accompanied by movements of the scapula on the chest wall.

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8
Q

What are the articulations of the clavicle?

A

The sternoclavicular joint
The acromioclavicular joint
(both of these are synovial joints

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9
Q

What are the key parts of the Scapula?

A 
Body
Spine
Acromiom - articulates with the clavicle
glenoid fossa - articulates with the proximal humerus
Supraglenoid tubercle
Infraglenoid Tubercle
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10
Q

What are the key parts of the clavicle?

A

Articulates with the sternum at the medial end and with the acromion of the scapula at its lateral end

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11
Q

What are the key parts of the Humerus?

A

The head - articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Anatomical neck
The greater tubercle - site for muscle attachments
The lesser tubercle - site for muscle attachments
Deltoid Tuberosity
Radial groove

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12
Q

What is the important neck of the humerus and why is this important?

A

The surgical neck
This is the most commonly fractured part of the humerus and it also has the axillary nerve running close to it which therefore can be injured by dislocation or fracture

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13
Q

What are the movements of the Pectoral Girdle?

A 
protraction
retraction
elevation (shrugging)
depression (opposite to shrugging)
rotation
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14
Q

Why is the rotation of the scapula important?

A

when raising the arm above the head, every 2 degrees of abduction you get 1 degree of ration of the scapula

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15
Q

What are the 2 large superficial muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

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16
Q

What are the smaller deeper muscles to the trapezius and latissimus Dorsi?

A

Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Major
Rhomboid Minor

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17
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the Trapezius?

A

Origin: Skull, Cervical, and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Clavicle and scapula (at spine and acromion)
Movement: Upper part elevates the scapula
The middle part retracts the scapula
lower part depresses the scapula and rotates the scapula

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18
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and movement of the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Origin: Lower Thoracic Vertebrae
Insertion: Upper anterior of the Humerus
Movement: Extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus

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19
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and movement of the Levator Scapulae

A

Origin: Upper cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Scapula - medial border
Movement: Elevates scapula

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20
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and movement of the Rhomboid minor.

A

Origin: C7 and T1
Insertion: Scapula - medial border
Movement: Retracts scapula

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21
Q

What is the Origin, insertion, and movement of the Rhomboid Major.

A

Origin: Thoracic Vertebrae
Insertion: Scapula - medial border
Movement: Retracts scapula

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22
Q

What nerve innervates the Trapezius?

A

The spinal root of the accessory nerve.

This also innervates the sternocleidomastoid

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23
Q

What nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

The thoracodorsal nerve branch of the brachial plexus.

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24
Q

What movements are possible at the shoulder joint?

A 
Flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction
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25
What muscles attach the scapula to the humerus?
``` Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres Minor Teres Major ```
26
What muscles make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres Minor
27
What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Deltoid?
Origin: Spine and Acromion of the scapula Insertion: Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus Action: Abduction beyond 20 degrees
28
What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Teres Major?
Origin: Posterior surface, inferior part of lateral border of the scapula Insertion: Anterior Humerus Action: Medial Rotation and adduction
29
What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Supraspinatus?
Origin: Supraspinous fossa Insertion: Greater Tubercle superior facet of the humerus Action: First 20 degrees of abduction
30
What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Infraspinatus?
Origin: Infraspinous Fossa Insertion: Greater Tubercle middle facet of the Humerus Action: Lateral Rotation
31
What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Teres Minor?
Origin: Lateral Border of the scapula Insertion: Greater Tubercule inferior facet of the Humerus Action: Lateral Rotation
32
What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Subscapularis?
Origin: Subscapular Fossa of the Scapula Insertion: Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus Action: Medial Rotation
33
What is the Quadrilateral Space?
A square-shaped space bounded by Teres Minor above, Teres Major Below, Long head of the triceps medially, and Surgical Neck of the Humerus Laterally.
34
What is found in the quadrilateral space?
Axillary Nerve
35
What structures does the auxiliary nerve innervate?
The deltoid and the Teres Minor
36
What structures work to stabilise the shoulder joint?
The rotator cuff muscles: contraction of the muscles holds the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid The rotator cuff tendons: fuse with the capsule of the shoulder joint The Glenoid Labrum The Tendons of the biceps brachii
37
What are the 3 heads of the triceps and where do they originate?
Long head: Originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula (most medial part of the triceps) Lateral Head: Originates from the posterior Humerus (proximal to the radial groove) Medial Head: Originates from the Posterior Humerus (distal to the radial groove)
38
What shoulder movement does the long head of the triceps brachii contribute to?
The extension of the shoulder joint due to the attachment of the scapula
39
What is the anterior wall of the Axilla?
Pectoralis Major and Minor
40
What is the Axilla?
The anatomical term for the armpit
41
What is the Posterior wall of the Axilla?
Subscapularis, teres major and latissiumus Dorsi
42
What is the Lateral wall of the Axilla?
The upper Humerus
43
What is the Medial Wall of the Axilla?
Serratus anterior and the chest wall
44
What is the Apex of the Axilla?
the first rib, clavicle and the scapula. | It is the passage between the neck and the axilla
45
What is the Base of the Axilla?
The skin and Fascia between the chest wall and Arm
46
What important structures are found in the axilla?
Lymph nodes - drain the upper limb, chest wall and abdominal wall as far as the umbilicus Axillary Artery - The major artery of the upper Limb Axillary Vein - the major vein draining the upper limb Brachial Plexus - Innervates the upper limb
47
What is the axillary artery a continuation of?
The Subclavian artery
48
Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
As it crosses the inferior border of the teres major and continues into the arm
49
What is the axillary vein?
A large vein that drains the upper limb and is continuous with the subclavian vein.
50
What is the brachial plexus?
A network of nerves that provide motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb
51
What nerves form the roots of the brachial plexus?
Spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
52
What are the trunks of the Brachial Plexus?
Superior trunk formed by C5 and C6 Middle Trunk formed by C7 Inferior formed by C8 and T1
53
What are the types of divisions that the trunks of the brachial plexus divide into?
The anterior and posterior divisions
54
What forms the lateral cord?
the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks
55
What forms the posterior cord?
posterior divisions of all the trunks
56
What forms the medial cord?
the anterior division of the inferior trunk
57
What are the branches of the posterior cord?
Axillary and radial nerve
58
What are the branches of the lateral cord?
Musculocutaneous nerve and part of the median nerve
59
What are the branches of the medial cord?
The ulnar nerve and part of the median nerve
60
what does the axillary nerve innervate?
The deltoid and teres minor and small regions of skin over the upper lateral arm
61
What spinal root and cord does the axillary nerve come from?
the posterior cord containing fibres of the C5 and C6 spinal nerves
62
Why is the axillary nerve anatomically important?
it runs close to the surgical neck of the humerus and is vulnerable to injury in fractures of this region and dislocations of the humeral head.
63
What structures does the radial nerve innervate?
The triceps in the posterior arm and all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm. Also innervates a region of skin over the arm forearm and hand
64
What spinal root and cord does the radial nerve come from?
The posterior cord containing fibres from C5-T1 which runs alongside the radial groove on the posterior side of the humerus
65
What structures does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Biceps brachii, Brachialis Coracobrachialis Also innervates a region of skin over the forearm
66
What spinal root and cord does the musculocutaneous nerve come from?
the lateral cord containing fibers from C5-C7
67
What do the median and ulnar nerves NOT innervate?
muscles in the arm. instead they DO innervate muscles in the anterior forearm and the hand
68
What structures does the median nerve innervate?
Most of the muscles of the anterior forearem and the small muscles of the thumb. It also innervates the skin over the lateral aspect of the palm of the hand and over the lateral digits
69
What spinal root and cord does the median nerve come from?
It is formed by contributions of both the lateral and medial cords and contains fibres from C6-T1
70
Why is the median nerve important anatomically?
It is the most vulnerable nerve in the arm as it crosses the anterior aspect of the elbow in the cubital fossa
71
What structures does the ulnar nerve innervate?
innervates most of the small muscles of the hand and therefore is vital for fine movements of the digits Also innervates the overlying skin of the medial aspect of the hand and medial digits
72
What spinal root and cord does the ulnar nerve come from?
It is a continuation of the medial cord and contains fibres from C8-T1
73
where do most injuries to the ulnar nerve occur?
Behind the medial epicondyle as it lies in a superficial position here.
74
What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the arm?
The biceps brachii, brachialis and the coracobrachialis
75
What are the heads of the biceps?
The long head and the short head
76
What are the attachments of the biceps muscles?
The Long head: Supragelnoid tubercle of the scapula | The Short head: The coracoid process of the scapula
77
What is the radial tuberosity of the radius?
Where the 2 bicep muscle bellies converge via a common tendon
78
What action does the biceps brachii perform?
Flexion of the elbow joint Flexion of the shoulder joint Supination of the forearm
79
Where is the brachialis found?
The brachialis lies deep to the biceps. attached to the anterior aspect of the lower half of the shaft of ther humerus Inserts on the distal portion of the ulna tuberosity
80
What action does the brachialis perform?
Flexion of the elbow
81
What are the attachments of the coracobrachialis?
Proximally to the coracoid process of the scapula distally to the medial aspect of the middle part of the humerus It is a weak flexor)
82
What is the cubital fossa?
the region anterior to the elbow joint | clinically known as the ACF or antecubital fossa
83
What borders the cubital fossa?
A triangular-shaped region with a: Lateral Border - Brachioradialis muscle Medial Border - Pronator teres Superior Border - imaginary line formed by the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
84
What structures are found in the cubital fossa?
``` Tendon of the biceps brachii Bicipital aponeurosis Brachial artery The median nerve Radial Nerve Superficial veins ```
85
What are some potential injuries to the shoulder joint?
``` Adhesive Capsulitis (frozen shoulder) Rotator cuff injury Dislocation of the Shoulder Axillary nerve injury Radial nerve injury ```
86
What is adhesive capsulitis?
the capsule of the shoulder joint becomes inflammed stiff and tight. The symptoms are pain and stiffness in the shoulder
87
What is a rotator cuff injury?
Can be injured by acute trauma or repetitive use. The supraspinatus tendon may become injured and flamed then it can be compressed between the acromion and the humeral head causing pain. This pain is often felt between 60 - 120 degrees abduction (painful arch)
88
What is dislocation of the shoulder?
Where the humeral head moves out of the glenoid fossa dislocations are most commonly anterior often caused by blunt force trauma. Dislocation can injure the axillary nerve
89
What is an axillary nerve injury?
due to its close proximity to the surgical neck, fractures of the humerus and dislocation can result in damage to the axillary nerve. This may result in paralysis or weakness of the deltoid shown by difficulty abducting the shoulder.
90
What is a radial nerve injury?
The radial nerve lies in close proximity to the shaft of the humerus therefore fractures can lead to weakness or paralysis of the muscles innervated by the radial nerve. This would cause weakness to the triceps and therefore result in impaired ability to extend the elbow
91
What are some potential injuries to the Brachial Plexus?
``` Axillary lymph node metastasis Ulnar nerve injury Upper brachial plexus injury Lower Brachial plexus injury Horners syndrome Brachial plexus block ```
92
Why is axillary lymph node metastasis problematic?
The lymph nodes would need to be removed which risks damaging the long thoracic nerve and the thoracodorsal nerve. These innervate serratus anterior and the latissimus dorsi respectively and therefore would cause weakness of these muscles
93
What is ulnar nerve injury?
vulnerable in the lower arm as it travels behind the medial epicondyle. Fractures of this may injure the nerve and therefore lead to motor impairments of most muscles of the hand and cause sensory impairments to the medial side and medial 1 1/2 fingers. (the nerve that responds to a bang of the "funny bone"
94
What is an upper brachial plexus injury?
Called erbs palsy may involve C5-C6 or C5-C7 paralysis of the lateral rotators of the shoulder and extensors of the wrist. Affected limb appears medially rotated and wrist flexed
95
What is a lower brachial plexus injury?
Also called klumpkes palsy typically involve C8-T1 Paralysis of the small muscles of the hand
96
What is horners syndrome?
brachial nerve injury affecting the T1 root may cause horners syndrome.
97
What is a brachial plexus block?
form of regional anesthesia that allows for surgery to be performed on the upper limb.

Year 1 Medicine (25 decks)

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