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Year 1 Medicine > Anatomy arm sinuses bracplex S15-17 > Flashcards

Anatomy arm sinuses bracplex S15-17 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the upper limb?

A

The Pectoral Girdle
The arm
The forearm
The hand

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2
Q

What are the joints found within the upper limb?

A 
The Glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
The elbow joint
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
radiocarpal joints (wrist)
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3
Q

What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

A synovial ball and socket joint formed by the articulations between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus

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4
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow joint?

A

A synovial hinge joint formed by the articulations between the distal humerus and the ulnar and radius.

Responsible for flexion and extension of the forearm.

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5
Q

What movements do the joints between the radius and the ulnar allow for?

A

Pronation and supination of the forearm and hand

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6
Q

What movements does the radiocarpal joint allow for?

A

Flexion, Extension, abduction and adduction of the wrist.

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7
Q

What movements does the glenohumeral joint allow for?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction.

Movements of the shoulder are almost always accompanied by movements of the scapula on the chest wall.

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8
Q

What are the articulations of the clavicle?

A

The sternoclavicular joint
The acromioclavicular joint
(both of these are synovial joints

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9
Q

What are the key parts of the Scapula?

A 
Body
Spine
Acromiom - articulates with the clavicle
glenoid fossa - articulates with the proximal humerus
Supraglenoid tubercle
Infraglenoid Tubercle
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10
Q

What are the key parts of the clavicle?

A

Articulates with the sternum at the medial end and with the acromion of the scapula at its lateral end

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11
Q

What are the key parts of the Humerus?

A

The head - articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Anatomical neck
The greater tubercle - site for muscle attachments
The lesser tubercle - site for muscle attachments
Deltoid Tuberosity
Radial groove

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12
Q

What is the important neck of the humerus and why is this important?

A

The surgical neck
This is the most commonly fractured part of the humerus and it also has the axillary nerve running close to it which therefore can be injured by dislocation or fracture

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13
Q

What are the movements of the Pectoral Girdle?

A 
protraction
retraction
elevation (shrugging)
depression (opposite to shrugging)
rotation
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14
Q

Why is the rotation of the scapula important?

A

when raising the arm above the head, every 2 degrees of abduction you get 1 degree of ration of the scapula

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15
Q

What are the 2 large superficial muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

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16
Q

What are the smaller deeper muscles to the trapezius and latissimus Dorsi?

A

Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Major
Rhomboid Minor

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17
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the Trapezius?

A

Origin: Skull, Cervical, and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Clavicle and scapula (at spine and acromion)
Movement: Upper part elevates the scapula
The middle part retracts the scapula
lower part depresses the scapula and rotates the scapula

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18
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and movement of the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Origin: Lower Thoracic Vertebrae
Insertion: Upper anterior of the Humerus
Movement: Extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus

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19
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and movement of the Levator Scapulae

A

Origin: Upper cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Scapula - medial border
Movement: Elevates scapula

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20
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and movement of the Rhomboid minor.

A

Origin: C7 and T1
Insertion: Scapula - medial border
Movement: Retracts scapula

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21
Q

What is the Origin, insertion, and movement of the Rhomboid Major.

A

Origin: Thoracic Vertebrae
Insertion: Scapula - medial border
Movement: Retracts scapula

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22
Q

What nerve innervates the Trapezius?

A

The spinal root of the accessory nerve.

This also innervates the sternocleidomastoid

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23
Q

What nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

The thoracodorsal nerve branch of the brachial plexus.

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24
Q

What movements are possible at the shoulder joint?

A 
Flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction
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25
Q

What muscles attach the scapula to the humerus?

A 
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor
Teres Major
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26
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor

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27
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Deltoid?

A

Origin: Spine and Acromion of the scapula
Insertion: Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus
Action: Abduction beyond 20 degrees

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28
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Teres Major?

A

Origin: Posterior surface, inferior part of lateral border of the scapula
Insertion: Anterior Humerus
Action: Medial Rotation and adduction

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29
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Supraspinatus?

A

Origin: Supraspinous fossa
Insertion: Greater Tubercle superior facet of the humerus
Action: First 20 degrees of abduction

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30
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Infraspinatus?

A

Origin: Infraspinous Fossa
Insertion: Greater Tubercle middle facet of the Humerus
Action: Lateral Rotation

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31
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Teres Minor?

A

Origin: Lateral Border of the scapula
Insertion: Greater Tubercule inferior facet of the Humerus
Action: Lateral Rotation

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32
Q

What is the Origin, Insertion, and Action at the shoulder joint of the Subscapularis?

A

Origin: Subscapular Fossa of the Scapula
Insertion: Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus
Action: Medial Rotation

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33
Q

What is the Quadrilateral Space?

A

A square-shaped space bounded by Teres Minor above, Teres Major Below, Long head of the triceps medially, and Surgical Neck of the Humerus Laterally.

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34
Q

What is found in the quadrilateral space?

A

Axillary Nerve

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35
Q

What structures does the auxiliary nerve innervate?

A

The deltoid and the Teres Minor

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36
Q

What structures work to stabilise the shoulder joint?

A

The rotator cuff muscles: contraction of the muscles holds the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid

The rotator cuff tendons: fuse with the capsule of the shoulder joint

The Glenoid Labrum

The Tendons of the biceps brachii

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37
Q

What are the 3 heads of the triceps and where do they originate?

A

Long head: Originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula (most medial part of the triceps)

Lateral Head: Originates from the posterior Humerus (proximal to the radial groove)

Medial Head: Originates from the Posterior Humerus (distal to the radial groove)

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38
Q

What shoulder movement does the long head of the triceps brachii contribute to?

A

The extension of the shoulder joint due to the attachment of the scapula

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39
Q

What is the anterior wall of the Axilla?

A

Pectoralis Major and Minor

40
Q

What is the Axilla?

A

The anatomical term for the armpit

41
Q

What is the Posterior wall of the Axilla?

A

Subscapularis, teres major and latissiumus Dorsi

42
Q

What is the Lateral wall of the Axilla?

A

The upper Humerus

43
Q

What is the Medial Wall of the Axilla?

A

Serratus anterior and the chest wall

44
Q

What is the Apex of the Axilla?

A

the first rib, clavicle and the scapula.

It is the passage between the neck and the axilla

45
Q

What is the Base of the Axilla?

A

The skin and Fascia between the chest wall and Arm

46
Q

What important structures are found in the axilla?

A

Lymph nodes - drain the upper limb, chest wall and abdominal wall as far as the umbilicus

Axillary Artery - The major artery of the upper Limb

Axillary Vein - the major vein draining the upper limb

Brachial Plexus - Innervates the upper limb

47
Q

What is the axillary artery a continuation of?

A

The Subclavian artery

48
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

As it crosses the inferior border of the teres major and continues into the arm

49
Q

What is the axillary vein?

A

A large vein that drains the upper limb and is continuous with the subclavian vein.

50
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

A network of nerves that provide motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb

51
Q

What nerves form the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

52
Q

What are the trunks of the Brachial Plexus?

A

Superior trunk formed by C5 and C6

Middle Trunk formed by C7

Inferior formed by C8 and T1

53
Q

What are the types of divisions that the trunks of the brachial plexus divide into?

A

The anterior and posterior divisions

54
Q

What forms the lateral cord?

A

the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks

55
Q

What forms the posterior cord?

A

posterior divisions of all the trunks

56
Q

What forms the medial cord?

A

the anterior division of the inferior trunk

57
Q

What are the branches of the posterior cord?

A

Axillary and radial nerve

58
Q

What are the branches of the lateral cord?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve and part of the median nerve

59
Q

What are the branches of the medial cord?

A

The ulnar nerve and part of the median nerve

60
Q

what does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

The deltoid and teres minor and small regions of skin over the upper lateral arm

61
Q

What spinal root and cord does the axillary nerve come from?

A

the posterior cord containing fibres of the C5 and C6 spinal nerves

62
Q

Why is the axillary nerve anatomically important?

A

it runs close to the surgical neck of the humerus and is vulnerable to injury in fractures of this region and dislocations of the humeral head.

63
Q

What structures does the radial nerve innervate?

A

The triceps in the posterior arm and all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm.

Also innervates a region of skin over the arm forearm and hand

64
Q

What spinal root and cord does the radial nerve come from?

A

The posterior cord containing fibres from C5-T1 which runs alongside the radial groove on the posterior side of the humerus

65
Q

What structures does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Biceps brachii,
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

Also innervates a region of skin over the forearm

66
Q

What spinal root and cord does the musculocutaneous nerve come from?

A

the lateral cord containing fibers from C5-C7

67
Q

What do the median and ulnar nerves NOT innervate?

A

muscles in the arm. instead they DO innervate muscles in the anterior forearm and the hand

68
Q

What structures does the median nerve innervate?

A

Most of the muscles of the anterior forearem and the small muscles of the thumb.

It also innervates the skin over the lateral aspect of the palm of the hand and over the lateral digits

69
Q

What spinal root and cord does the median nerve come from?

A

It is formed by contributions of both the lateral and medial cords and contains fibres from C6-T1

70
Q

Why is the median nerve important anatomically?

A

It is the most vulnerable nerve in the arm as it crosses the anterior aspect of the elbow in the cubital fossa

71
Q

What structures does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

innervates most of the small muscles of the hand and therefore is vital for fine movements of the digits

Also innervates the overlying skin of the medial aspect of the hand and medial digits

72
Q

What spinal root and cord does the ulnar nerve come from?

A

It is a continuation of the medial cord and contains fibres from C8-T1

73
Q

where do most injuries to the ulnar nerve occur?

A

Behind the medial epicondyle as it lies in a superficial position here.

74
Q

What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

The biceps brachii, brachialis and the coracobrachialis

75
Q

What are the heads of the biceps?

A

The long head and the short head

76
Q

What are the attachments of the biceps muscles?

A

The Long head: Supragelnoid tubercle of the scapula

The Short head: The coracoid process of the scapula

77
Q

What is the radial tuberosity of the radius?

A

Where the 2 bicep muscle bellies converge via a common tendon

78
Q

What action does the biceps brachii perform?

A

Flexion of the elbow joint
Flexion of the shoulder joint
Supination of the forearm

79
Q

Where is the brachialis found?

A

The brachialis lies deep to the biceps.
attached to the anterior aspect of the lower half of the shaft of ther humerus
Inserts on the distal portion of the ulna tuberosity

80
Q

What action does the brachialis perform?

A

Flexion of the elbow

81
Q

What are the attachments of the coracobrachialis?

A

Proximally to the coracoid process of the scapula
distally to the medial aspect of the middle part of the humerus
It is a weak flexor)

82
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

the region anterior to the elbow joint

clinically known as the ACF or antecubital fossa

83
Q

What borders the cubital fossa?

A

A triangular-shaped region with a:
Lateral Border - Brachioradialis muscle
Medial Border - Pronator teres
Superior Border - imaginary line formed by the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

84
Q

What structures are found in the cubital fossa?

A 
Tendon of the biceps brachii
Bicipital aponeurosis
Brachial artery
The median nerve
Radial Nerve
Superficial veins
85
Q

What are some potential injuries to the shoulder joint?

A 
Adhesive Capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
Rotator cuff injury
Dislocation of the Shoulder
Axillary nerve injury
Radial nerve injury
86
Q

What is adhesive capsulitis?

A

the capsule of the shoulder joint becomes inflammed stiff and tight.
The symptoms are pain and stiffness in the shoulder

87
Q

What is a rotator cuff injury?

A

Can be injured by acute trauma or repetitive use.
The supraspinatus tendon may become injured and flamed then it can be compressed between the acromion and the humeral head causing pain.
This pain is often felt between 60 - 120 degrees abduction (painful arch)

88
Q

What is dislocation of the shoulder?

A

Where the humeral head moves out of the glenoid fossa
dislocations are most commonly anterior often caused by blunt force trauma.
Dislocation can injure the axillary nerve

89
Q

What is an axillary nerve injury?

A

due to its close proximity to the surgical neck, fractures of the humerus and dislocation can result in damage to the axillary nerve.
This may result in paralysis or weakness of the deltoid shown by difficulty abducting the shoulder.

90
Q

What is a radial nerve injury?

A

The radial nerve lies in close proximity to the shaft of the humerus therefore fractures can lead to weakness or paralysis of the muscles innervated by the radial nerve.
This would cause weakness to the triceps and therefore result in impaired ability to extend the elbow

91
Q

What are some potential injuries to the Brachial Plexus?

A 
Axillary lymph node metastasis
Ulnar nerve injury
Upper brachial plexus injury
Lower Brachial plexus injury
Horners syndrome
Brachial plexus block
92
Q

Why is axillary lymph node metastasis problematic?

A

The lymph nodes would need to be removed which risks damaging the long thoracic nerve and the thoracodorsal nerve.
These innervate serratus anterior and the latissimus dorsi respectively and therefore would cause weakness of these muscles

93
Q

What is ulnar nerve injury?

A

vulnerable in the lower arm as it travels behind the medial epicondyle.
Fractures of this may injure the nerve and therefore lead to motor impairments of most muscles of the hand and cause sensory impairments to the medial side and medial 1 1/2 fingers.
(the nerve that responds to a bang of the “funny bone”

94
Q

What is an upper brachial plexus injury?

A

Called erbs palsy
may involve C5-C6 or C5-C7
paralysis of the lateral rotators of the shoulder and extensors of the wrist.
Affected limb appears medially rotated and wrist flexed

95
Q

What is a lower brachial plexus injury?

A

Also called klumpkes palsy
typically involve C8-T1
Paralysis of the small muscles of the hand

96
Q

What is horners syndrome?

A

brachial nerve injury affecting the T1 root may cause horners syndrome.

97
Q

What is a brachial plexus block?

A

form of regional anesthesia that allows for surgery to be performed on the upper limb.

Year 1 Medicine (25 decks)

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