Anatomy and Physiology - Questions

Question 1

Explain how neural factors regulate heart rate during exercise and a period of recovery.

Answer 1

RECEPTORS x3
Baroreceptors - blood pressure
Chemoreceptors - control when CO2 goes up and oxygen goes down
Proprioreceptors - movement

Info sent to Cardiac control centre and activates...
Sympathetic nervous system
Accelerator nerve stimulates...
SA node and sends an impulse to
Increase heart rate

Question 2

Describe how the conduction system controls the cardiac cycle.

Answer 2

Fill - atria diastole
Fill - passive ventricular diastole
Impulse - SA node initiates electrical impulse
Empty - atria systole
Receive - AV node receive impulse
Receive - Bundle of His receive impulse
Receive - Purkinje fibres receive impulse
Empty - ventricular systole

Question 3

Describe how intrinsic control will increase cardiac output during exercise.

Answer 3

VENOUS RETURN
Increased venous return, more blood to right atria
Right atria stretched, blood forces into left ventricle
Left ventricle forces blood out
Increased SV
Increased CO

Question 4

During the upward and downward phase of the bicep curl describe the role of the bicep brachii.

Answer 4

AGO CON AGO EE
Agonist, concentric, shortens
Agonist, eccentric, lengthens and resists gravity

Question 5

Characteristics of slow twitch and fast twitch fibres.

Answer 5

SIZE x2 FOC SOC FATIGUE
Slow:
Small, capillaries, mitochondria
Low force of contraction, slow speed of contraction, slowly fatigued
Fast:
Large, low capillaries, low mitochondria
High force of contraction, fast speed of contraction, easily fatigued

Question 6

Explain how a mix of muscle fibres are linked to the success/activity choice of a performer.

Answer 6

High % FT - anaerobic activity, eg. 100m sprint running
High % ST - aerobic activity, eg. Marathon running
Equal % ST/FT - invasion games, eg. Rugby/football, mix of aerobic and anaerobic

Question 7

Explain the positive effects of different types of physical activity on the musculoskeletal system.

Answer 7

P O S ing O W P
Peak bone density - increased, larger bones through impact sports eg. Constant jumping in basketball jump shot.
Osteoporosis prevented - degenerative bone disease.
Joint stability increased - ar car thickened, lig strengthened, lub increased through secretion of synovial fluid, increase mus strength surrounding joint eg. rotator cuff muscles.
Osteoarthritis prevented.
Weight management - less body weight, reduces stress on joints eg knee joint
Posture and alignment improved - core stability muscles strengthened eg transverse abdominals

Question 8

Explain the negative effects of different types of physical activity on the musculoskeletal system.

Answer 8

Growing places stress on are cartilage and ligaments when playing tennis and golf
Growth plate - undeveloped bone, femur susceptible
Stress fractures
Osteoarthritis degeneration of…
Articular cartilage - leads to reduction in synovial fluid secretion, discomfort.
Ligament tears - ACL
Tennis elbow - repetitive action, inflammation and pain.

Question 9

Define stroke volume and give a resting value. Describe the changes to stroke volume from rest to maximal values.

Answer 9

60
Amount of blood ejected from the heart in one beat.
Rest - 60/80 ml
Max - 160/200ml
Initial increase alongside exercise intensity, stroke volume plateaus, reaches maximal values of 160ml at 60% of exercise intensity, this is due to a shorter diastolic filling phase.

Question 10

Define heart rate and give a resting value.

Answer 10

Number of times the heart beats in one minute.
Rest - 60/80 bpm, sub max 100-160 bpm, max 200+ bpm
Rest - steep initial rise due to receptors (B,C+P) detecting.
Sub max - demand for O2 is met so heart rate plateaus at 120-160bpm.
MAX - continued rise to 200bpm because O2 demand is not met.