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Genitourinary > Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The ureters transport urine from what structure to another?

A
  • From: Renal pelvis

- To: urinary bladder

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the wall of the ureter?

A
  • Mucosa: inner layer
  • Smooth muscle: middle layer
  • Areolar connective tissue: outer layer
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3
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

Hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis

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4
Q

What holds the urinary bladder in place?

A

Folds of peritoneum

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5
Q

What is the average capacity of the urinary bladder?

A

700-800 mL

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6
Q

What does transitional epithelium allow for?

A

Stretching

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of smooth muscle covering the urinary bladder called?

A

Detrusor muscle

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8
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Terminal portion of the urinary system

- small tube leading from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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9
Q

Where is the urethra in females?

A

Directly behind the pubic symphysis and embedded in the front wall of the vagina

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10
Q

What are the structures that the urethra passes through in males?

A
  • Prostate
  • Deep Perineal muscles
  • Penis
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11
Q

What are the two sphincters in the urethra? Which is voluntary/involuntary?

A
  • Internal sphincter: involuntary

- External sphincter: voluntary

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12
Q

In males, the urethra also serves what function?

A

Duct through which semen is discharged

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13
Q

What is micturition?

A

Urination

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14
Q

When the bladder exceeds what volume does stretch receptors transmit nerve impulses to the spinal cord?

A

200-400 mL

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15
Q

Where do nerve impulses sent from the bladder to spinal cord propagate and what reflex do they trigger?

A
  • Lower part of the spinal cord

- Trigger micturition reflex

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16
Q

What initiates a conscious desire to urinate before micturition reflex takes place?

A

Sensation of fullness in the bladder

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17
Q

In lean adults, body fluids make up what percentage of total body mass?

A

55-60%

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18
Q

What are the two main compartments that fluid resides?

A
  • Intracellular fluid (ICF or cystosol): 2/3 total fluid

- Extracellular fluid (ECF): 1/3 total fluid

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19
Q

What is the location breakdown of ECF?

A
  • 80% is interstitial fluid

- 20% is blood plasma

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20
Q

What are the two barriers that separate interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid, and blood plasma?

A
  • Blood vessel walls

- Plasma membrane

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21
Q

What processes provide for the continual exchange of water and solutes among body fluid compartments?

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
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22
Q

What is the primary means of water movement between ICF and ECF?

A

Osmosis

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23
Q

Most solutes in body fluids are what?

A

Electrolytes

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24
Q

Fluid balance primarily depends on what?

A

Electrolyte imbalance

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25
Q

How does the body gain water?

A
  • Ingestion

- Metabolic reactions

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26
Q

What are the main sources of water?

A
  • Ingested liquids: roughly 1600mL
  • Moist foods absorbed from GI tract: 700 mL
  • Total 2300 mL
  • Metabolic water gain: 200 mL
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27
Q

Since body fluid remains constant, how much is secreted and how is it secreted?

A
  • Kidneys 1500 mL through urine
  • Skin evaporation: 600 mL
  • Lungs exhale water vapor 300 mL
  • GI through feces: 100 mL
28
Q

How is additional water lost through woman of reproductive age?

A

Menstrual cycle

29
Q

What governs the urge to drink?

A

Thirst center in the hypothalmus

30
Q

What stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalmus?

A
  • Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
  • Angiotensin II in the blood
  • Neurons in the mouth that detect dryness
31
Q

WHat is the main factor that determines body fluid volume?

A

Extent of urinary salt (NaCl) loss

32
Q

What are the three hormones that regulate the extent of NA and Cl reabsorption?

A
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
33
Q

What is the major hormone that regulates water loss?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

34
Q

What stimulates the release of ADH?

A

Increase of osmotic pressure in body fluid

35
Q

Intake of plain water does what to osmotic pressure in blood and interstitial fluid?

A

Decreases osmotic pressure

36
Q

What ions represent 90% of extracellular cations?

A

Sodium ions

- Accounts for almost half of the osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid

37
Q

What are the most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid?

A

Chloride ions

38
Q

What is the most prevalent cations in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium ions

39
Q

Potassium ions moved into or out of cells are often exchanged for what? This helps regulate what?

A
  • Hydrogen ions

- Helps regulate pH

40
Q

Where is about 98% of calcium in adults located?

A

Teeth and skeleton

41
Q

What enhances reabsorption of Calcium from glomerular filtrate back into blood?

A

Parathyroid hormone

42
Q

What are the four general functions of electrolytes in the body?

A
  • Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments
  • Help maintain the acid-base balance required for cellular activities
  • Carry electrical current, allows for action potential
  • Serve as cofactors needed for enzyme activity
43
Q

Chief difference between the two fluids?

A

Blood plasma contains many protein anions while interstitial fluid has very few

44
Q

What is a major homeostatic challenge in body fluids?

A

Keeping the hydrogen ion, pH, in appropriate range

45
Q

What are buffers?

A

Substances that act quickly to temporarily bind hydrogen ions, removing highly reactive, excess H+ from solution

46
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Prevent rapid, drasctic changes in pH of a body fluid by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases

47
Q

What are the three buffer systems?

A
  • Protein buffer system
  • Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
  • Phosphate system
48
Q

Which buffer system is the most abundant buffer system in intracellular fluid and plasma?

A

Protein buffer system

49
Q

What are the functional components of the protein buffer system?

A
  • Carboxyl group (-COOH)

- At least one amino group (-NH2)

50
Q

Can proteins work as acids and bases?

A

Yes

  • Carboxyl (for bases) acts on rising pH
  • Amino group (for acids) acts on falling pH
51
Q

What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system based on?

A
  • Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) which acts as a weak base

- Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) which acts as a weak acid

52
Q

Is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system lost in the urine? Why/why not?

A

No, it is not lost in the urine

- kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate ion

53
Q

How does the phosphate buffer system act?

A

Mechanism to the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

54
Q

Is the phosphate buffer system an important regulator of pH in the cytosol?

A

Yes, because the concentration of phosphates is highest in ICF

55
Q

How does breathing play a role maintaining pH of body fluids?

A

Ventilation decreases CO2 which decreases hydrogen ion concentration, leading to an increase of pH

56
Q

Relation of CO2, H+, and pH?

A
  • Increase CO2, increases H+, decreases pH

- Decrease CO2, decreases H+, increases pH

57
Q

The pH of body fluids and the rate and depth of breathing interact via what feedback loop?

A

Negative feedback

58
Q

What is the slowest mechanism for action in removal of acids?

A

Cells of renal tubules secrete H+, which is then excreted in urine
- Also the only way to eliminate most acids

59
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Condition in which arterial blood pH is below 7.35

60
Q

What is the principal effect of acidosis?

A

Depression of the CNS through depression synaptic transmission

61
Q

What pH level is so severe that the individual becomes disoriented, comatose, and may die?

A

7

62
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

Blood pH above 7.45

63
Q

What is a major physiological effect of alkalosis?

A

Over-excitability in both CNS and peripheral nervous system

64
Q

If person has altered pH due to metabolic causes, what can be done?

A

Hypo or Hyper ventilate to bring blood pH back to normal range

65
Q

If person has altered pH due to respiratory causes, what can be done?

A

Renal compensation, changes in secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate ion
- may begin in minutes but take days to reach max effectiveness

Genitourinary (6 decks)

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