Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genitourinary > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the GU system?

A
  • Two Kidneys
  • Two ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Regulate ion levels in the blood
  • Regulation of blood volume and pressure
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Production of hormones
  • Excretion of waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What ions do the kidneys regulate?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Chloride
  • Phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood volume?

A

Returning water to the blood or eliminating it in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure?

A

Secrete enzyme renin which activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, adjusting blood flow into/out of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do the kidneys regulate pH?

A
  • Regulate concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood

- Conserve blood bicarbonate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the kidneys?

A
  • Calcitriol

- Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is calcitriol?

A
  • Active form of vitamin D

- Helps regulate calcium homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A

Stimulates production of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What waste products do the kidneys excrete?

A
  • Ammonia and urea
  • Bilirubin
  • Creatinine
  • Uric acid
  • Drugs/environmental toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

General description about the kidneys?

A
  • Pair of reddish organs shaped like kidney beans
  • About the size of a bar of soap
  • Lie between peritoneum and back wall of the abdominal cavity
  • Lies at the 12th thoracic and first three lumbar vertebrae levels
  • R kidney lower due to liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Renal Hilum?

A
  • Near the center of the medial border
  • Indentation where ureter leaves
  • Indentation where blood and lymph vessels and nerves enter/exit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the smooth, transparent renal capsule?

A

A connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shape of the kidneys and serves as a barrier against trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney?

A

Adipose tissue

* also anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two main, internal regions of the kidneys?

A
  • Renal cortex

- Renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Outer light-red region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner, darker red-brown region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the further anatomy of the internal regions of the kidneys?

A
  • Cone-shaped renal pyramids are within the renal medulla

- Renal columns, extensions of the renal cortex, fill the spaces between the pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does urine formed by the kidneys pass through?

A

From thousands of papillary ducts within renal pyramids into minor calyces (cuplike structures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does urine go after the minor calyces?

A

Flows into major calyces —> then into renal pelvis (single large cavity) —> into ureters –> into bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many minor and major calyces does a kidney have?

A
  • Minor: 8-12

- Major: 2-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What percent of resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through left/right renal arteries?

A
  • 20-25%

- 1200 ml blood/minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Tangled capillary network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the kidneys?

A

Renal artery –> smaller vessels –> afferent artiorles –> glomerulus –> efferent artiorles –> peritubular capillaries –>peritubular veins –> smaller veins –> renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the small arteries within the kidneys?

A
  • Segmental
  • Interlobal
  • Arcuate
  • Interlobular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the smaller veins within the kidneys?

A
  • Interlobal
  • Arcuate
  • Interlobular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the functional units of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

- Number about a million in each kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A
  • Renal corpuscle

- Renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

Where plasma is filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

Where filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens to fluid as it moves through the renal tubule?

A
  • Waste and excess substances are added

- Useful materials are returned to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two parts that make up the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Glomerulus

- Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule?

A

Double-walled cup of epithelial cells that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the three main sections of the renal tubule?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where does the renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules lie?

A

Within the renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does the Loop of Henle extend?

A

Renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where does the proximal convoluted tubule attach?

A

Glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How is the Loop of Henle situated?

A
  • First part begins in renal cortex
  • Extends downward into renal medulla (called descending limb)
  • Make hairpin turn and returns to renal cortex (called ascending limb)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where does distal convoluting tubes empty into?

A

Common collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does the fluid travel after the common collecting duct?

A

Several collecting ducts form papillary duct –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

41
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of a nephron?

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
42
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A
  • Forcing of fluids and dissolved substances through a membrane by pressure
  • First step of urine production
  • Occurs in glomeruli
43
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A
  • Occurs as filtered fluid flows along renal tubule and collecting ducts
  • Returns about 99% of filtered water and useful solutes to blood
44
Q

How is filtered water and useful solutes returned to blood in tubular reabsorotion?

A

Peritubular capillaries

45
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A
  • Occurs as filtered fluid flows along renal tubule and collecting ducts
  • Removes substances (waste, drugs, ions) from blood in peritubular capillaries
  • Transport substances into fluid in renal tubules
46
Q

When is filter fluid called urine?

A

When it has undergone tubular reabsorption and secretion and enters minor and major calyx

47
Q

What are the two layers of cells that make up the capsule that surrounds the glomerular capillaries?

A
  • Podocytes

- Glomerular endothelium

48
Q

How does the layering of anatomy in glomerular filtration work?

A

glomerular capillaries are pushed into glomerular capsule to create the renal corpuscle

49
Q

What are podocytes?

A
  • Cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule
  • Adhere closely to endothelial cells of glomerulus
50
Q

What do podocytes and glomerular endothelium form?

A

Filtration membrane that permits the passage of water and solutes from the blood into capsular space

51
Q

What forms the outer layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium cells

52
Q

What causes filtration in glomerular capillaries?

A

Blood pressure

53
Q

What are the two pressures that oppose glomerular filtration?

A
  • Blood colloid osmotic pressure

- Glomerular capsule pressure

54
Q

What is the equation of net filtration pressure?

A

= glomerular capillary blood pressure - (blood colloid osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure)

55
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

10 mmHg

56
Q

What volume of fluid does net filtration pressure force into the capsular space?

A
  • Males: 180 L/day

- Females: 150 L/day

57
Q

What helps raise blood pressure in glomerular capillaries?

A

Efferent arteriole because of it has smaller diameter than afferent arteriole

58
Q

What decreases blood flow into the glomerulas?

A

Constriction of afferent arterioles

59
Q

What slows outflow of blood and increases net filtration pressure?

A

Constriction of efferent arterioles

60
Q

What is the definition of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute

61
Q

What is the number associated with GFR?

A
  • Male: 125 mL/min

- Female: 105 mL/mil

62
Q

What happens if GFR is too high?

A

Substances pass through renal tubules too quickly, are not reabsorbed, and pass out of the body as urine

63
Q

What happens if GFR is too low?

A

Nearly all filtrate is absorbed and waste products are not adequately excreted

64
Q

What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

A

Hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in the urine

65
Q

Where is ANP secreted?

A

Atrial of the heart

66
Q

How does ANP work?

A

Acts on the kidneys to increase loss of sodium ions and water in urine, which reduces blood volume

67
Q

The blood vessels of the kidneys are impacted by what? What do they cause?

A
  • Sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system

- Cause vasoconstriction

68
Q

What happens with greater sympathetic stimulation of the arterioles?

A

Afferent arterioles constrict more than efferent arterioles

69
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Returning most of the filtered water and many filtered solutes to the blood

70
Q

When does filtered fluid become tubular fluid?

A

When it enters the proximal convoluted tubule

71
Q

What carries out tubular reabsorption?

A

Epithelial cells along renal tubules and collecting tubes

72
Q

Are solutes actively or passively absorbed?

A

Both

73
Q

Which part of the renal tubule adsorbs the most?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbing:

  • 65% of filtered water
  • 100% of filtered glucose and amino acids
  • Large quantities of various ions (Na, K, Cl, HCO3, Ca, Mg)
74
Q

Which cells maintain homeostasis balances of water and selected ions?

A

Cells located distal to proximal convoluted tubules

75
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Transfer of materials from the blood through tubule cells and into tubular fluid

76
Q

Where does tubular secretion take place and via what process?

A
  • All along renal tubules and collecting ducts

- Passive and active diffusion

77
Q

What are some substances secreted during tubular secretion?

A
  • Hydrogen ions
  • Potassium
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Urea
  • Creatinine
78
Q

What is a poisonous waste product produced when amino groups are removed from amino acids?

A

Ammonia

79
Q

Which organ cells convert ammonia to urea?

A

Liver cells

80
Q

Where are ammonia and urea filtered and secreted?

A
  • Filtered: glomerulus

- Secreted: Proximal convoluted tubule cells into tubular fluid

81
Q

How does the body eliminate acids?

A

Cells of renal tubule secrete H+ into tubular fluid to maintain normal body pH

82
Q

Why is urine acidic?

A

Due to H+ secretion

- urine is usually below 7

83
Q

What are the most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion?

A
  • Angiotensin II

- Aldosterone

84
Q

Where does Angiotensin II enhance reabsorption of Sodium and chloride?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

85
Q

What does angiotensin II also do?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete Aldosterone

86
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates tubule cells in distal convoluted tubule and throughout collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secrete more K+

87
Q

When is more water reabsorbed by osmosis?

A

When more Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed

88
Q

What is the major regulator of blood K+?

A

Aldosterone-stimulated secretion of K+

89
Q

What plays a minor role in the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

90
Q

What is the major hormone regulator of water reabsorption and how does it operate?

A
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

- Negative feedback system

91
Q

What stimulate the release of ADH and from where does the release occur?

A
  • Hypothalamus

- Posterior Pituitary

92
Q

What is a second powerful stimulus for ADH release?

A

Decrease in blood volume

- from hemorrhaging or severe dehydration

93
Q

Where does ADH act in the kidneys?

A

Tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

94
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increases the water permeability of the tubule cells

95
Q

What do the kidneys do when ADH levels are low?

A

Produce a large volume of urine

96
Q

What stimulates the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Lower than normal levels of calcium ions in the blood

97
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Stimulates cells in early distal convoluted tube to reabsorb more calcium ions into the blood

98
Q

What is the normal volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult and what percentage is water?

A
  • 1-2 L/day

- 95% of total volume is water

Genitourinary (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions