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BRB-2 > Anatomy and Physiology of vision I > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of vision I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the eye?

A

To transmit light to the retina
To refract light so that it is focused on the retina
To transduce light into an electrical signal
To process the electrical signal before it is transmitted to the CNS

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2
Q

What are the two eye segments? What are they composed of?

A 
Anterior segment (Anterior and posterior chambers)
Posterior Segment (vitreous, retina, choroid and optic nerve)
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3
Q

What is the part of sclera covering the optic nerve?

A

Lamina cribosa

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the conjunctiva ?

A

Palpebral
Forniceal
Bulbar

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5
Q

What is episclera and what are its two layers?

A

Vascular plexus between the conjunctiva and the sclera

Superficial episcleral vessels
Deep episcleral vessels

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6
Q

What are the relative refractive powers of the cornea and the lens?

A

Cornea: 2/3 refractive power (fixed)

Lens ~1/3 refractive power (variable)

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7
Q

Why is the cornea transparent?

A

A-vascularity
Unifrom structure
Deturgescence

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8
Q

what are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A

Epithelium, bowman’s membrane, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, endothelium

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9
Q

What is the function of corneal epithelium?

A

Acts as a barrier to trauma and infection (5-8 cells thickness)

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10
Q

What are two important characteristics of the stroma?

A

1- comprises 90% of the corneal thickness

2- does not regenerate

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11
Q

What is the function of the endothelium?

A

maintains corneal hydration

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12
Q

What is the structural difference between the sclera and the cornea?

A

Same structure, but the collagen in the sclera is coarse and irregularly distributed

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13
Q

What are the components of a lens?

A

capsule, cortex, nucleus, epithelium

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14
Q

What are the major classes of cataracts?

A 
Cortical
Nuclear sclerosis (aging)
Posterior subcapsular (Steroids, diabetes)
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15
Q

Where can the intra ocular lens be inserted?

A 
Posterior chamber (inside the capsule)
Anterior chamber
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16
Q

What are the components of the Uvea?

A

Iris
Cilliary body
Choroid

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17
Q

What is the significance of the stroma in the iris?

A

Contains the following:
1- Muscles: a) shincter constricting muscles (CNIII) b) dialator muscles
2- Melanocytes
3- Blood vessels

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18
Q

What is a common finding associated with congenital horner’s syndrome?

A

Heterochromia

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19
Q

What are the main parts of the ciliary body?

A

Pars plicata

Pars plana

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20
Q

What are the functions of the ciliary body?

A

1- Production of aqueous humour

2- Accomodation

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21
Q

Where is the aqueous humour produced?

A

Produced by the two layered epithelium in the ciliary body to nourish avascular structures (cornea and lens)

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22
Q

How is the aqueous humour drained from the anterior chamber?

A

Drained by tubercular meshwork to canal of schlem and via uveascleral outflow to episcleral venous vessels

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23
Q

What two structures form the angle?

A

The cornea and the iris

24
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Obstruction of the aqueous drainage which leads to increased intraocular pressure (IOP)

25
Q

What effect does increased IOP have on the optic nerve?

A

Could result in glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve

Appears as a reduced rim in fundoscopy

26
Q

How is glaucomatous increased IOP treated?

A

Either by decreasing aqueous production by the ciliary body or by increasing aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork and uveouscleral outflow pathways

27
Q

What is the accommodation process for near sight? (near Triad)

A

1- Ciliary body contracts and moves anteriorly which leads to relaxation of the zonules which allows the lens to round up in shape
2- Convergence of the eyes
3- Pupillary constriction to decrease spherical aberration

28
Q

What makes up the vitreous?

A

99% water, 1% collagen, HCL

29
Q

What changes to the vitreous occur with age?

A

The vitreous liquifies and condenses

30
Q

What is the centre of the retina? What is the centre of that centre? (yes for real)

A

Macula and fovea

31
Q

What constitutes the retinal blood barrier? What is its function?

A

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that supports the metabolism of photoreceptors

32
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Highly vascular part of the Uvea that provides the retina with much of its metabolic requirements

33
Q

What makes the choroid essential to the fovea?

A

The fovea is avascular and its support is dependent on the choroid

34
Q

What is the pathway of the optic nerve?

A

Intraocular (1mm), intraorbital (25mm), intracannalicular (9mm), intracraneal (16 mm)

35
Q

What constitute the adnexal structures?

A

Bony orbits, lacrimal ducts, eyelids, and extraocular muscles

36
Q

What makes up the roof of the orbit?

A

Frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid

37
Q

What makes up the floor of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic bone, maxillary bone, palantine bone

38
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid bone, maxillary bone, lacrimal,` and sphenoid

39
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Greater wing of the sphenoid, and zygomatic bone

40
Q

What is the first bone to break following an orbital trauma (ex punch to the eye)?

A

Floor (weakest)

41
Q

What passes through optic foramen?

A

Optic nerve and artery (through sphenoid bone)

42
Q

What passes through SOF?

A

CNIII, IV, V1, VI, and vessels (between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid)

43
Q

What passes through IOF?

A

Sympathetics and vessels

44
Q

What muscles originate at the orbital apex?

A

All but Inferior oblique

45
Q

What muscles are responsible for lid opening?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris (CNIII) and Mullers muscles (Sympathetics )

46
Q

What muscles are responsible for lid closing?

A

Obircularis oculi (CNVII)

47
Q

What is contained within the eyelid?

A

Muscles, glands, tarsal plate, site of attachment of orbital plate

48
Q

What is the tear film composed of?

A

1- Mucin layer
2- Aqueous layer
3- Lipid layer

49
Q

Where is the mucin layer produced and what is its function?

A

Produced by conjunctival goblet cells

Aids tear adherence to the cornea

50
Q

Where is the aqueous layer produced and what is its function?

A

Produced by the accessory lacrimal glands (glands of Krau and Wolfring)
Forms bulk of tear film

51
Q

Where is the lipid layer produced and what is its function?

A

Produced by meibomian gland in lid margin

Reduced tear evaporation

52
Q

What is the function of the tear film?

A

Maintains refractive function

Nourishes cornea

53
Q

What could cause dry eye?

A

Loss of lipid layer (tear evaporation) loss of aqueous layer, loss of mucin layer (tear slides off)

54
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Lateral superior orbit

55
Q

What causes the lacrimal gland to secrete?

A

In reflex to bright light, emotion, and irritation (CN II, V)

56
Q

What glands provide basal secretions? Where are the located?

A

Kraus and Wolfring

Located in conjunctival fornix

57
Q

How are tears drained? List the components of the pathway

A

Punctum, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, naso-lacrimal duct (valve of Hasner under inferior concha)

BRB-2 (20 decks)

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