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Animal Breeding Reproduction > Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How is sperm lost from the females tract?

A
  • phagocytosis
    -retrograde loss
  • passage from the vagina through the cervix
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2
Q

How does sperm transport?

A

mare/sow/bitch = short distance into uterus
cow/ewe = secretions of the cervix eliminates non-motile sperm

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3
Q

What is sperm capacitation?

A

spermatozal capacitaion is required for sperm to be fertile
- occurs in female tract
- plasma membrane of the head undergoes major change
-acrosome left with exposed molecules

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4
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

The apppulla of the fallopian tube

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5
Q

How does fertilisation occur?

A
  • corona retina penerated
  • sperm binds to zona pellucida
  • acrosome reaction occurs
    -penetration of the zona pellucida by enzymes
    -membranes fuse
  • cortical reaction occurs
  • sperm molecules decondense
    -formation of pronuclei
    pronuclear fusion causing a zygote
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6
Q

How does fertilisation occur?

A
  • corona retina penerated
  • sperm binds to zona pellucida
  • acrosome reaction occurs
    -penetration of the zona pellucida by enzymes
    -membranes fuse
  • cortical reaction occurs
  • sperm molecules decondense
    -formation of pronuclei
    pronuclear fusion causing a zygote
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7
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertalised ovum

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8
Q

what is an embryo?

A

early stages of development

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9
Q

what is a foetus?

A

potential offspring (recognisable)

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10
Q

what is a conceptus?

A

either an embryo or foetus

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11
Q

What is a blastomere?

A
  • Forms from a zygote undergoing mitotic divisions
  • blastomeres are individual cells in early devisions
  • totipotent (able to give rise to any cell type)
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12
Q

What is a morula?

A
  • early development
  • ball of cells (blastomere development)
  • separates into different populations
    -fluid begins to move into the embryo
    -moves into the uterus
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13
Q

How does a morula develop to a blastocyst?

A
  • blastocoel forms (yolk sac)
    -inner cells and trophoblast cells (placenta) form
  • cells begin differentiation
  • mitosis continues + more fluid
  • proteolytic enzymes weaken zona pellucida
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14
Q

What is the difference of contraception seen in the mare?

A
  • capsule forms between zona pellucida and trophoblast at day 5 (blastocyst)
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15
Q

What are the embryonic germ layers seen in early development?

A

-ectoderm (nervous system/skin and hair)
-mesoderm (muscle/skeleton/cardiovascular/reproductive systems)
-endoderm (digestive system/lungs/endocrine system)

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16
Q

What forms the placenta in early development?

A

-chorion
-allatois
(forms featal portion) (blasocyst)

17
Q

What is embryonic organ development divided into?

A
  • gastrulation (development and organisation of the three germ layers)
  • neurulation (beggining of the formation of CNS)
18
Q

In the cow and ewe how is pregnancy recognised?

A
  • inferon-t secreted by trophoblast cells act on the endometrium preventing oxytocin reception by endometrial cells
19
Q

In the sow how is a pregnancy recognised?

A
  • two conceptous per horn
  • oestrodiol secreted from conceptous
20
Q

How does the coceptus move in the mare compared to other species?

A

other species = trophoblast elongation
mare = circles around the uterus through uterine contractions (days 12-14)

21
Q

What are the phases of implantation?

A
  • shedding of the zona pellucida
  • precontact/blastocyst orientation
    -apposition
    -adhesion
  • endometrial invasion/penetration (only bitch and queen)
22
Q

How is the zona pellucida shed before implantation?

A

-blastocyst hatching

23
Q

How does phase 2 of implantation occur?

A
  • no cellular contact between endometrium and trophoblast
    -blastocyst elongates (in mare only after capsule loss)
    -immobilisation of conceptus
    -moves to prepare for apposition
24
Q

How does apposition occur at implantation?

A

-trophectoderm becomes closely associated to endometrium
Ewe/cow/sow = Trophoblastic microvilli invade endometrial glands
Ewe/cow = Alterations to endometrium, cranucles become oedematous (fluid increased)
Mare = chronicle girdle forms/ thickening on outer trophoblast/cells enlarged and invade into endometrial glands

25
Q

How does apposition occur at implantation?

A

-trophectoderm becomes closely associated to endometrium
Ewe/cow/sow = Trophoblastic microvilli invade endometrial glands
Ewe/cow = Alterations to endometrium, cranucles become oedematous (fluid increased)
Mare = chronicle girdle forms/ thickening on outer trophoblast/cells enlarged and invade into endometrial glands

26
Q

what occurs at adhesion during implantation?

A
  • intergration of maternal and foetal tissue
    -placentation begins
27
Q

What is placentation?

A
  • organ that provides protection/environmental regulation (nutrient/waste/gaseous exchange)
  • composed of chorion and endometrium
    -distribution of chronic villi and erosion of the foetal to maternal interface is relied upon
28
Q

What is placentation?

A
  • organ that provides protection/environmental regulation (nutrient/waste/gaseous exchange)
  • composed of chorion and endometrium
    -distribution of chronic villi and erosion of the foetal to maternal interface is relied upon
29
Q

What is the erosion of the foetal to maternal interface?

A

number of placental layers between maternal and foetal blood supply

30
Q

What is epitheliochorial during placentation?

A

-epithelium and chronic villi stay intact

31
Q

What is endotheliochorial during placentation?

A

erosion of the endometrium

32
Q

What is haemochorial during placentation?

A

chorion in direct contact with maternal blood

33
Q

How does adhesion occur in the mare?

A

-endometrial cups formed by binucleate cells/ secretes equine chorionic gonadotrophin
-foetal allantochorion spread through uterus by day 90

34
Q

how does adhesion occur in the sow?

A

trophectoderm attaches to uterine wall (day 18-20)

35
Q

How does adhesion occur in ruminants?

A

-placentomes (cotyledon - foetal side caruncles-maternal side)
- can have uninucluete and binuclete cell types

36
Q

How does implantation occur in the bitch and queen?

A

-erosion of the endometrium to form the endotheliochorial placenta

Animal Breeding Reproduction (10 decks)

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