Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Week1
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body and its
parts
What is Physiology?
Physiology: the way a living organism or body part functions
What is Homeostasis
Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal system
regardless of external conditions
What is the normal anatomical position?
Normal anatomical
position: a reference point
for all anatomical terms
● Standing
● Facing forward
● Arms at side
● Palms facing up
What are the 5 anatomical planes?
● Transverse: divides the
body into top and
bottom
● Coronal / Frontal:
divides the body into
front and back
● Sagittal: divides the
body into L and R
● Mid-axillary
● Mid-clavicular
What is the transverse plane?
Transverse: divides the
body into top and
bottom
What is the Coronal/Frontal plane
Coronal / Frontal:
divides the body into
front and back
What is the sagittal plane?
Sagittal: divides the
body into L and R
What are the 4 anatomical positions?
Supine: lying on spine, face up
Prone: lying flat on chest, face down
Left/Right Lateral Recumbent: lying on
their side
“Recovery position”: Left Lateral
Recumbent, lying on their left side
Trendelenburg (“shock position”) :
Supine w/ legs elevated 6-12” above the
head
Left/Right: always from the patient’s
perspective
What are the 3 anatomical seated positions?
Fowlers: Seated Upright at 90°
Semi-Fowlers: Seated at 45°
Tripoding: seated, leaning
forward with knees and
elbows out
What is the Fowlers position?
Seated at 90 degrees upright
What is the Semi-Fowlers position?
Seated at 45 degrees
What is the tripoding position
Tripoding: seated, leaning
forward with knees and
elbows out
Define Superior
Closer to the head
Define Anterior/ventral
Towards the front
Define medial
close to the midline
Define Proximal
closer to the core
Define superficial
Towards the surface
Define inferior
closer to the feet
Define posterior/dorsal
Towards the back
Define Lateral
Farther from midline
Define distal
farther from the core
Define deep
Farher than the surface
Define Flexion
Bending the join, reducing angle
Define extension
straightening joint, increasing angle
Define Abduction
moving away from the midline
Define Adduction
moving towards the midline
What is the Thoracic Cavity?
Thoracic: lungs, trachea heart, great
vessels
● Divided by diaphragm from
abdominal cavity
Which organs are in the Right Upper quad?
RU: liver, gallbladder, stomach,
pancreas
What organs are in the Left Upper quad?
LU: spleen, most of stomach,
pancreas
What organ is in the Right Lower quad?
Appendix
What organs are in the Left Lower quad?
LL: small/large intestine *which
is in all other quadrants*
What organs are in the Retroperitoneal Cavity?
Retroperitoneal: kidneys,
descending aorta, inferior vena cava
What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
Pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Functions:
Support and Structure
Protection
Movement
Production of red blood cells (RBC)
Mineral Storage
What are the differences between Tendons and Ligaments
● Ligaments: connect bone to bone
● Tendons: connect muscle to bone
Which bones are in the Axial skeleton?
Axial skeleton: bones of head and trunk
Which bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton?
● Appendicular skeleton: bones of appendages
What are the 4 parts of the skull?
● Cranial bones: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal (“FPOT”)
● Maxilla: upper jaw bone
● Mandible: lower jaw bone
● Zygomatic: cheekbone
What is the Foramen Magnum
Foramen magnum: opening at base of skull where the brain connects to
spinal cord
What are the 4 (or 5) sections of the spinal column?
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5) , Sacrum (5), Coccyx (4)
C1, C2 - Atlas and axis respectively. They
support and allow movement of skull
C3,4,5 - Vertebrae which protect the
phrenic nerve and “keep the diaphragm
alive”.
What are the 3 sections of ribs in the ribcage?
● True ribs: 1-7
○ connect directly to the sternum via
costal cartilage
● False Ribs: 8-10
○ connect indirectly to sternum
through 7th rib by cartilage
● Floating Ribs: 11-12
○ do not connect to sternum, only
wrap halfway
What are the 3 components of the shoulder?
Shoulder:
● Clavicle
● Scapula (shoulder blade)
● Humerus
What are the 3 components of the arm?
● Humerus
● Radius (lateral) /Ulna
(medial)
What are the 3 main components of the hand?
Hand:
● Carpals
● Metacarpals
● Phalanges
What are the 3 components of the pelvis?
Pelvic Bones (fused)
⋆ Illium
⋆ Ischium
⋆ Pubis
What are the 3 components of the leg bones?
Leg bones:
● Femur
● Patella
● Tibia (anterior) / Fibula
(lateral)
What are the 3 components of the foot?
● Tarsals
● Metatarsals
● Phalanges
General diagram of important bones
see image
What are the functions of the muscular system?
⋆ Function:
⋆ Form and posture
⋆ Movement
⋆ Warmth
What are the three types of muscle?
⋆ Skeletal: striated, voluntary
⋆ Attached to skeleton
⋆ Cardiac: striated, involuntary
⋆ Within the walls of the heart
⋆ Smooth: involuntary
⋆ In walls of blood vessels and
hollow organs, ie. sphincters,
vasoconstriction/dilation
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
Function:
⋆ Filter, warm, humidify and distribute air
⋆ Allows for exchange of CO2 and O2
What are the parts of the upper airway?
Upper Airway
⋆ Oro/nasopharynx
⋆ Pharynx
⋆ Epiglottis
⋆ Larynx
What are the parts of the lower airways?
Lower Airway
⋆ Trachea
⋆ Bronchi
⋆ Bronchioles
⋆ Alveoli
⋆ Capillaries
What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
⋆ Distributing blood throughout body
⋆ Transporting gas, nutrients, hormones and
waste
Summarize the pathway of blood through the heart
● Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
● R Atrium
● Tricuspid Valve
● R Ventricle
● Pulmonary Valve
● Pulmonary Artery
● Lungs
● Pulmonary Vein
● L atrium
● Mitral / Bicuspid Valve
● L Ventricle
● Aortic Valve
● Aorta (to systemic circulation)
What is the pathway of blood through the body?
● Heart (aorta)
● Arteries
● Arterioles
● Capillaries
● Venules
● Veins
● Heart (vena cavae)
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries: Carry blood away from
the heart, thick muscular walls,
operate at a higher pressure
Veins: Carry blood towards the
heart, less muscular walls, operate
a lower pressure, contain valves to
prevent backflow
Capillaries: delivers blood to/from
tissues/cells, thin walls, 1 cell thick
Where are the 6 types of pulses?
⋆ Carotid
⋆ Radial
⋆ Brachial
⋆ Femoral
⋆ Posterior Tibialis
⋆ Dorsalis Pedis
Whats the difference between Systolic and Diastolic BP?
Systolic: The pressure against
the walls of the arteries as the
left ventricle contracts (top #)
Diastolic: The pressure against
the walls of the arteries as the
left ventricle is relaxed (bottom #)
What is the function of the Digestive system?
Functions:
⋆ Ingest food/water
⋆ Digest food
⋆ Absorb nutrient
⋆ Eliminate waste
What is the pathway of food through the digestive system?
● Mouth
● Pharynx
● Epiglottis
● Esophagus
● Stomach
● Small Intestine
● Large Intestine
● Rectum
● Anus
What are the 3 accessory organs of the digestive system?
⋆ Liver:
⋆ produce bile, lipoproteins
for cholesterol
⋆ Metabolizes food
⋆ Detoxifies blood
⋆ Stores vitamins/nutrients
⋆ Gallbladder: store bile,
secrete it into small
intestine
⋆ Pancreas: produce
enzymes, secrete hormones
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
Functions:
⋆ Barrier to protect body from
damage/ disease
⋆ Thermoregulation
⋆ Retain bodily fluids and eliminate
wastes.
What are the 3 main components of the integumentary system?
Consists of skin, its appendages (i.e. hair,
nails)
⋆ Layers of the skin:
⋆ Epidermis: outer layer, functions as
a barrier
⋆ Dermis: middle layer, contains
blood vessels, nerve endings, hair
follicles, sweat and sebaceous
glands
⋆ Subcutaneous: deepest layer,
contains blood vessels, fat for
insulation
What is the function of the Nervous system?
Function:
⋆ Controlling the body, whether
voluntary or involuntary
⋆ Allowing parts of the body to
communicate with each other
⋆ Receiving sensory information,
providing motor responses
What are the 2 types of nervous systems?
⋆ Central Nervous
System:
⋆ Brain, spinal cord
⋆ Peripheral Nervous
System:
⋆ Sensory (afferent)
nerves
⋆ Motor (efferent)
nerves
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Functions:
⋆ Secrete regulatory
hormones into bloodstream
⋆ Affects mood, growth,
development, metabolism,
sexual function, sleep, etc…
What are the two components of the endocrine system?
⋆ Hormone: chemical messengers that act on a particular organ(s)
to stimulate a response
⋆ Gland: a group of cells that produce and secrete hormones
⋆ Hypothalamus: satiety, metabolism, body temp, growth
⋆ Pituitary: “master gland”, makes hormones that control other glands
⋆ Thyroid: metabolism
⋆ Parathyroid: blood calcium levels
⋆ Adrenal: salt/water balance, stress response, metabolism, immune system,
sexual development
⋆ Pineal: sleep
⋆ Reproductive (ovaries & testes): sexual development
⋆ Pancreas: blood glucose levels
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Functions:
⋆ Produce gametes (eggs in females,
sperm in males)
⋆ For females, protects and nourishes
fetus until birth
What is the function of the Urinary System?
Functions:
⋆ Controls fluids, electrolytes
balance in body
⋆ Filter and eliminates waste
What are the 4 components of the urinary system?
⋆ Kidneys: retroperitoneal; filter blood,
removes wastes, maintain electrolyte
and fluid balance, generates urine
⋆ Ureters: carry urine from kidney to
bladder
⋆ Bladder: can hold up to ~700 mls of
urine
⋆ Urethra: carries urine from bladder to
outside body
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Functions:
⋆ Filter foreign/waste
materials, fight infection
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Network of lymphatic vessels that filters
blood and produces antibodies
Spleen, thymus, bone marrow: produce
lymphocytes (white blood cell)
Lymph: fluid containing lymphocytes,
waste products
Lymph nodes: small tissue masses along
lymphatic vessels that house
lymphocytes, may swell during infection
