Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Week1
1
Q
What is Anatomy?
A
Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body and its
parts
2
Q
What is Physiology?
A
Physiology: the way a living organism or body part functions
3
Q
What is Homeostasis
A
Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal system
regardless of external conditions
4
Q
What is the normal anatomical position?
A
Normal anatomical
position: a reference point
for all anatomical terms
● Standing
● Facing forward
● Arms at side
● Palms facing up
5
Q
What are the 5 anatomical planes?
A
● Transverse: divides the
body into top and
bottom
● Coronal / Frontal:
divides the body into
front and back
● Sagittal: divides the
body into L and R
● Mid-axillary
● Mid-clavicular
6
Q
What is the transverse plane?
A
Transverse: divides the
body into top and
bottom
7
Q
What is the Coronal/Frontal plane
A
Coronal / Frontal:
divides the body into
front and back
8
Q
What is the sagittal plane?
A
Sagittal: divides the
body into L and R
9
Q
What are the 4 anatomical positions?
A
Supine: lying on spine, face up
Prone: lying flat on chest, face down
Left/Right Lateral Recumbent: lying on
their side
“Recovery position”: Left Lateral
Recumbent, lying on their left side
Trendelenburg (“shock position”) :
Supine w/ legs elevated 6-12” above the
head
Left/Right: always from the patient’s
perspective
10
Q
What are the 3 anatomical seated positions?
A
Fowlers: Seated Upright at 90°
Semi-Fowlers: Seated at 45°
Tripoding: seated, leaning
forward with knees and
elbows out
11
Q
What is the Fowlers position?
A
Seated at 90 degrees upright
12
Q
What is the Semi-Fowlers position?
A
Seated at 45 degrees
13
Q
What is the tripoding position
A
Tripoding: seated, leaning
forward with knees and
elbows out
14
Q
Define Superior
A
Closer to the head
15
Q
Define Anterior/ventral
A
Towards the front
16
Q
Define medial
A
close to the midline
17
Q
Define Proximal
A
closer to the core
18
Q
Define superficial
A
Towards the surface
19
Q
Define inferior
A
closer to the feet
20
Q
Define posterior/dorsal
A
Towards the back
21
Q
Define Lateral
A
Farther from midline
22
Q
Define distal
A
farther from the core
23
Q
Define deep
A
Farher than the surface
24
Q
Define Flexion
A
Bending the join, reducing angle
25
Define extension
straightening joint, increasing angle
26
Define Abduction
moving away from the midline
27
Define Adduction
moving towards the midline
28
What is the Thoracic Cavity?
Thoracic: lungs, trachea heart, great
vessels
● Divided by diaphragm from
abdominal cavity
29
Which organs are in the Right Upper quad?
RU: liver, gallbladder, stomach,
pancreas
30
What organs are in the Left Upper quad?
LU: spleen, most of stomach,
pancreas
31
What organ is in the Right Lower quad?
Appendix
32
What organs are in the Left Lower quad?
LL: small/large intestine \*which
is in all other quadrants\*
33
What organs are in the Retroperitoneal Cavity?
Retroperitoneal: kidneys,
descending aorta, inferior vena cava
34
What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
Pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder
35
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Functions:
Support and Structure
Protection
Movement
Production of red blood cells (RBC)
Mineral Storage
36
What are the differences between Tendons and Ligaments
● Ligaments: connect bone to bone
● Tendons: connect muscle to bone
37
Which bones are in the Axial skeleton?
Axial skeleton: bones of head and trunk
38
Which bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton?
● Appendicular skeleton: bones of appendages
39
What are the 4 parts of the skull?
● Cranial bones: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal (“FPOT”)
● Maxilla: upper jaw bone
● Mandible: lower jaw bone
● Zygomatic: cheekbone
40
What is the Foramen Magnum
Foramen magnum: opening at base of skull where the brain connects to
spinal cord
41
What are the 4 (or 5) sections of the spinal column?
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5) , Sacrum (5), Coccyx (4)
C1, C2 - Atlas and axis respectively. They
support and allow movement of skull
C3,4,5 - Vertebrae which protect the
phrenic nerve and “keep the diaphragm
alive”.
42
What are the 3 sections of ribs in the ribcage?
● True ribs: 1-7
○ connect directly to the sternum via
costal cartilage
● False Ribs: 8-10
○ connect indirectly to sternum
through 7th rib by cartilage
● Floating Ribs: 11-12
○ do not connect to sternum, only
wrap halfway
43
What are the 3 components of the shoulder?
Shoulder:
● Clavicle
● Scapula (shoulder blade)
● Humerus
44
What are the 3 components of the arm?
● Humerus
● Radius (lateral) /Ulna
(medial)
45
What are the 3 main components of the hand?
Hand:
● Carpals
● Metacarpals
● Phalanges
46
What are the 3 components of the pelvis?
Pelvic Bones (fused)
⋆ Illium
⋆ Ischium
⋆ Pubis
47
What are the 3 components of the leg bones?
Leg bones:
● Femur
● Patella
● Tibia (anterior) / Fibula
(lateral)
48
What are the 3 components of the foot?
● Tarsals
● Metatarsals
● Phalanges
49
General diagram of important bones
see image
50
What are the functions of the muscular system?
⋆ Function:
⋆ Form and posture
⋆ Movement
⋆ Warmth
51
What are the three types of muscle?
⋆ Skeletal: striated, voluntary
⋆ Attached to skeleton
⋆ Cardiac: striated, involuntary
⋆ Within the walls of the heart
⋆ Smooth: involuntary
⋆ In walls of blood vessels and
hollow organs, ie. sphincters,
vasoconstriction/dilation
52
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
Function:
⋆ Filter, warm, humidify and distribute air
⋆ Allows for exchange of CO2 and O2
53
What are the parts of the upper airway?
Upper Airway
⋆ Oro/nasopharynx
⋆ Pharynx
⋆ Epiglottis
⋆ Larynx
54
What are the parts of the lower airways?
Lower Airway
⋆ Trachea
⋆ Bronchi
⋆ Bronchioles
⋆ Alveoli
⋆ Capillaries
55
What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
⋆ Distributing blood throughout body
⋆ Transporting gas, nutrients, hormones and
waste
56
Summarize the pathway of blood through the heart
● Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
● R Atrium
● Tricuspid Valve
● R Ventricle
● Pulmonary Valve
● Pulmonary Artery
● Lungs
● Pulmonary Vein
● L atrium
● Mitral / Bicuspid Valve
● L Ventricle
● Aortic Valve
● Aorta (to systemic circulation)
57
What is the pathway of blood through the body?
● Heart (aorta)
● Arteries
● Arterioles
● Capillaries
● Venules
● Veins
● Heart (vena cavae)
58
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries: Carry blood away from
the heart, thick muscular walls,
operate at a higher pressure
Veins: Carry blood towards the
heart, less muscular walls, operate
a lower pressure, contain valves to
prevent backflow
Capillaries: delivers blood to/from
tissues/cells, thin walls, 1 cell thick
59
Where are the 6 types of pulses?
⋆ Carotid
⋆ Radial
⋆ Brachial
⋆ Femoral
⋆ Posterior Tibialis
⋆ Dorsalis Pedis
60
Whats the difference between Systolic and Diastolic BP?
Systolic: The pressure against
the walls of the arteries as the
left ventricle contracts (top #)
Diastolic: The pressure against
the walls of the arteries as the
left ventricle is relaxed (bottom #)
61
What is the function of the Digestive system?
Functions:
⋆ Ingest food/water
⋆ Digest food
⋆ Absorb nutrient
⋆ Eliminate waste
62
What is the pathway of food through the digestive system?
● Mouth
● Pharynx
● Epiglottis
● Esophagus
● Stomach
● Small Intestine
● Large Intestine
● Rectum
● Anus
63
What are the 3 accessory organs of the digestive system?
⋆ Liver:
⋆ produce bile, lipoproteins
for cholesterol
⋆ Metabolizes food
⋆ Detoxifies blood
⋆ Stores vitamins/nutrients
⋆ Gallbladder: store bile,
secrete it into small
intestine
⋆ Pancreas: produce
enzymes, secrete hormones
64
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
Functions:
⋆ Barrier to protect body from
damage/ disease
⋆ Thermoregulation
⋆ Retain bodily fluids and eliminate
wastes.
65
What are the 3 main components of the integumentary system?
Consists of skin, its appendages (i.e. hair,
nails)
⋆ Layers of the skin:
⋆ Epidermis: outer layer, functions as
a barrier
⋆ Dermis: middle layer, contains
blood vessels, nerve endings, hair
follicles, sweat and sebaceous
glands
⋆ Subcutaneous: deepest layer,
contains blood vessels, fat for
insulation
66
What is the function of the Nervous system?
Function:
⋆ Controlling the body, whether
voluntary or involuntary
⋆ Allowing parts of the body to
communicate with each other
⋆ Receiving sensory information,
providing motor responses
67
What are the 2 types of nervous systems?
⋆ Central Nervous
System:
⋆ Brain, spinal cord
⋆ Peripheral Nervous
System:
⋆ Sensory (afferent)
nerves
⋆ Motor (efferent)
nerves
68
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Functions:
⋆ Secrete regulatory
hormones into bloodstream
⋆ Affects mood, growth,
development, metabolism,
sexual function, sleep, etc...
69
What are the two components of the endocrine system?
⋆ Hormone: chemical messengers that act on a particular organ(s)
to stimulate a response
⋆ Gland: a group of cells that produce and secrete hormones
⋆ Hypothalamus: satiety, metabolism, body temp, growth
⋆ Pituitary: “master gland”, makes hormones that control other glands
⋆ Thyroid: metabolism
⋆ Parathyroid: blood calcium levels
⋆ Adrenal: salt/water balance, stress response, metabolism, immune system,
sexual development
⋆ Pineal: sleep
⋆ Reproductive (ovaries & testes): sexual development
⋆ Pancreas: blood glucose levels
70
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Functions:
⋆ Produce gametes (eggs in females,
sperm in males)
⋆ For females, protects and nourishes
fetus until birth
71
What is the function of the Urinary System?
Functions:
⋆ Controls fluids, electrolytes
balance in body
⋆ Filter and eliminates waste
72
What are the 4 components of the urinary system?
⋆ Kidneys: retroperitoneal; filter blood,
removes wastes, maintain electrolyte
and fluid balance, generates urine
⋆ Ureters: carry urine from kidney to
bladder
⋆ Bladder: can hold up to ~700 mls of
urine
⋆ Urethra: carries urine from bladder to
outside body
73
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Functions:
⋆ Filter foreign/waste
materials, fight infection
74
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Network of lymphatic vessels that filters
blood and produces antibodies
Spleen, thymus, bone marrow: produce
lymphocytes (white blood cell)
Lymph: fluid containing lymphocytes,
waste products
Lymph nodes: small tissue masses along
lymphatic vessels that house
lymphocytes, may swell during infection
