Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is the definition of Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body.
What is the definition of Physiology?
Physiology is the study of the working of the body –
how it functions.
What does a Cell consists of?
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane
What does the Nucleus do?
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell. The nucleus is essential to everything the cell does.
What does the Cytoplasm do?
Cytoplasm – forms the main part of the cell, produces the energy for the cell to function.
What does the Cell membrane do?
Cell membrane – the outer membrane, controls the movement of water, nutrients and waste material into and out of the cell.
What do cells form together to create?
Tissue
What are the 4 main types of tissue in the human body are?
Epithelium – makes up the outer layer of the skin.
Connective tissue – makes up the supporting structures of the body eg tendons, ligaments.
Muscle – this tissue contracts and relaxes to produce movement.
Nerve tissue – is made up of special cells eg neurons, direct other cells in the body to perform certain functions by generating and passing on messages.
What does the Circulatory System consists of?
The blood – carries oxygen and nutrients to the body.
The blood vessels – arteries and veins circulate the blood around the body.
The heart – the pump that makes the blood flow in the blood vessels.
What is the PH level of the blood?
7.4
What are 3 types of blood cells?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
What else can red blood cells be referred to?
Erythroyctes
What is the main task of red blood cells?
Main task is to transport oxygen around the body, to take the oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart and in turn to the rest of the body.
What is it called when Oxygen binds to a pigment inside these cells?
Haemoglobin.
After oxygen is given off to the tissues the haemoglobin becomes deoxygenated. What is the purpose of the deoxygenated cells?
Deoxygenated blood carries the waste carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs from where the carbon dioxide is exhaled into the air.
What else can white blood cells be referred to?
Leucocytes
What is the main task of white blood cells/antibodies do?
Help fight against the micro – organisms that can cause infection.
What do white blood cells produce?
Antibodies
What else can Platelets be referred to?
Thrombocytes
What is the main task of platelets?
These play an important part in haemostasis.
(the process by which bleeding is stopped)
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
What do Arteries do?
They carry blood AWAY from the heart to the tissues (OXYGENATED)
How are Arteries walls constructed?
Arteries have walls constructed of 3 coats or tunics and a hollow core called a lumen through which the blood flows.
Tunica externa = outer layer consisting of fibrous tissue, gives protection & strength to the vessel
Tunica Media = middle layer, is usually the thickest layer it consists of elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
Tunica Interna = inner layer & consists of squamous epithelium called Endothelium
The elasticity layers enable expansion for the extra blood
What are the small arteries called and when when they enter a tissue they branch into microscopic vessels called what?
Small arteries are called Arterioles
They branch into microscopic vessels called Capillaries.
What do veins do?
Return the blood to the heart (DE-OXYGENTATED)
How are veins constructed?
The same as Arteries but less elastic.
Tunica externa = outer layer consisting of fibrous tissue, gives protection & strength to the vessel
Tunica Media = middle layer, is usually the thickest layer it consists of elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
Tunica Interna = inner layer & consists of squamous epithelium called Endothelium
What do Capillaries do?
The capillaries is the location where the gaseous exchange takes place. Oxygen passes through the capillary wall and into the tissues, carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood.
Where is the heart?
Lies in the thorax (the chest) between the lungs
Slightly to the left side
The wall of the heart is divided into which 3 layers?
Epicardium/pericardium – external thin outer layer (double layer of membrane)
Myocardium – middle layer (cardiac muscle, makes the main bulk of the heart, it is responsible for the contraction of the heart)
Endocardium – inner layer (it lines the inside of the myocardium, consists of flat epithelial cells)
What does the Right side of heart maintain?
Pulmonary circulation
What does the Left side of heart maintain?
Systemic circulation
What are the 4 chambers the heart is divided into called?
Upper: Left atrium, Right atrium
Lower: Left ventricles, Right ventricles
What divides the left side of the heart from the right?
Ventricular septum
What kind of blood does the right side of the heart contain?
Deoxygenated blood
What kind of blood does the left side of the heart contain?
Oxygenated blood.
What artery pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated? And what is this process known as?
PULMONARY ARTERIES pump deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated this is known as PULMONARY CIRCULATION
What is it called when oxygenated blood is pumped around the body?
Systemic circulation
What is the cardiac cycle?
The cardiac cycle is a sequence of events that occur when the herat beats
What is normal beats per minute?
72 bpm
60-100 deemed normal
What is tachycardia?
Fast heart rate - above 100
What is Bradycardia?
Slow heart rate- below 60
The cardiac cycle consists of two phases, what are they?
Systole phase
diastole phase
Name the veins carrying blood into the right side of the heart
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Name the Artery exiting blood from the right side of the heart
Pulmonary artery
Name the Veins carrying blood into the left side of the heart
Pulmonary vein
Name the artery exiting blood from the left side of the heart
Aorta