Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is the definition of Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body.
What is the definition of Physiology?
Physiology is the study of the working of the body –
how it functions.
What does a Cell consists of?
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane
What does the Nucleus do?
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell. The nucleus is essential to everything the cell does.
What does the Cytoplasm do?
Cytoplasm – forms the main part of the cell, produces the energy for the cell to function.
What does the Cell membrane do?
Cell membrane – the outer membrane, controls the movement of water, nutrients and waste material into and out of the cell.
What do cells form together to create?
Tissue
What are the 4 main types of tissue in the human body are?
Epithelium – makes up the outer layer of the skin.
Connective tissue – makes up the supporting structures of the body eg tendons, ligaments.
Muscle – this tissue contracts and relaxes to produce movement.
Nerve tissue – is made up of special cells eg neurons, direct other cells in the body to perform certain functions by generating and passing on messages.
What does the Circulatory System consists of?
The blood – carries oxygen and nutrients to the body.
The blood vessels – arteries and veins circulate the blood around the body.
The heart – the pump that makes the blood flow in the blood vessels.
What is the PH level of the blood?
7.4
What are 3 types of blood cells?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
What else can red blood cells be referred to?
Erythroyctes
What is the main task of red blood cells?
Main task is to transport oxygen around the body, to take the oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart and in turn to the rest of the body.
What is it called when Oxygen binds to a pigment inside these cells?
Haemoglobin.
After oxygen is given off to the tissues the haemoglobin becomes deoxygenated. What is the purpose of the deoxygenated cells?
Deoxygenated blood carries the waste carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs from where the carbon dioxide is exhaled into the air.
What else can white blood cells be referred to?
Leucocytes
What is the main task of white blood cells/antibodies do?
Help fight against the micro – organisms that can cause infection.
What do white blood cells produce?
Antibodies
What else can Platelets be referred to?
Thrombocytes
What is the main task of platelets?
These play an important part in haemostasis.
(the process by which bleeding is stopped)
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
What do Arteries do?
They carry blood AWAY from the heart to the tissues (OXYGENATED)
How are Arteries walls constructed?
Arteries have walls constructed of 3 coats or tunics and a hollow core called a lumen through which the blood flows.
Tunica externa = outer layer consisting of fibrous tissue, gives protection & strength to the vessel
Tunica Media = middle layer, is usually the thickest layer it consists of elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
Tunica Interna = inner layer & consists of squamous epithelium called Endothelium
The elasticity layers enable expansion for the extra blood
What are the small arteries called and when when they enter a tissue they branch into microscopic vessels called what?
Small arteries are called Arterioles
They branch into microscopic vessels called Capillaries.
What do veins do?
Return the blood to the heart (DE-OXYGENTATED)
How are veins constructed?
The same as Arteries but less elastic.
Tunica externa = outer layer consisting of fibrous tissue, gives protection & strength to the vessel
Tunica Media = middle layer, is usually the thickest layer it consists of elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
Tunica Interna = inner layer & consists of squamous epithelium called Endothelium
What do Capillaries do?
The capillaries is the location where the gaseous exchange takes place. Oxygen passes through the capillary wall and into the tissues, carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood.
Where is the heart?
Lies in the thorax (the chest) between the lungs
Slightly to the left side
The wall of the heart is divided into which 3 layers?
Epicardium/pericardium – external thin outer layer (double layer of membrane)
Myocardium – middle layer (cardiac muscle, makes the main bulk of the heart, it is responsible for the contraction of the heart)
Endocardium – inner layer (it lines the inside of the myocardium, consists of flat epithelial cells)
What does the Right side of heart maintain?
Pulmonary circulation
What does the Left side of heart maintain?
Systemic circulation
What are the 4 chambers the heart is divided into called?
Upper: Left atrium, Right atrium
Lower: Left ventricles, Right ventricles
What divides the left side of the heart from the right?
Ventricular septum
What kind of blood does the right side of the heart contain?
Deoxygenated blood
What kind of blood does the left side of the heart contain?
Oxygenated blood.
What artery pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated? And what is this process known as?
PULMONARY ARTERIES pump deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated this is known as PULMONARY CIRCULATION
What is it called when oxygenated blood is pumped around the body?
Systemic circulation
What is the cardiac cycle?
The cardiac cycle is a sequence of events that occur when the herat beats
What is normal beats per minute?
72 bpm
60-100 deemed normal
What is tachycardia?
Fast heart rate - above 100
What is Bradycardia?
Slow heart rate- below 60
The cardiac cycle consists of two phases, what are they?
Systole phase
diastole phase
Name the veins carrying blood into the right side of the heart
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Name the Artery exiting blood from the right side of the heart
Pulmonary artery
Name the Veins carrying blood into the left side of the heart
Pulmonary vein
Name the artery exiting blood from the left side of the heart
Aorta
Name the valves on the left side of the heart
- Bicuspid/ Mitral Valve
- Aortic Valve
Name the valves on the right side of the heart
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary valve
What are organs?
Organs are complex structures that contain at least two different types of tissues.
Which two organs form the circulatory system, which is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body?
Heart and blood vessels
In the context of blood clotting, what plasma protein is transported to the site of any injury by plasma?
Fibrinogen
What is the main component of blood?
Plasma
What % of blood is plasma?
55%
Blood is considered to be?
A. Acidic
B. Alkaline
C. Neutral
D. Sticky
C. Neutral
Identify areas of the immune system
White Blood cells
Bone Marrow
Antibodies
Lymphatic system
The spleen
They thymus
What is the main role of platelets?
Blood clotting
Name the actions of the lymphatic system
Draining fluid into the blood stream
Filter the lympth
Filter blood
Fight infection
What is the organ in the body which filters blood?
Spleen
What doe the main bulk of the heart consist of?
Myocardium
What is the Myocardium is responsible for?
The contraction of the heart
What artery is usually used to record blood pressure?
Brachial
What is a normal systolic blood pressure?
120mmHg
What is a normal diastolic blood pressure?
80mmHg
The cardiac distole is the term given when..
All chambers of the heart are relaxed
What is the organ most sensitive to lack of oxygen?
The brain
What is the heart beat?
Heart sound- lub dub
A normal heart rate for a fit and healthy adult is?
40-60 beats
What is the term given to how much blood the heart pumps at each beat?
Stroke volume
Which system does plasma utilise to excrete waste carbon dioxide from the body?
Respiratory system - to excrete waste carbon dioxide from the body.
What does plasma transport around the body?
Blood cells
Carbon dioxide
Hormones
Salt and waste products
Why can’t red blood cells divide and replace themselves?
Red blood cells lack a nucleus
What is the significance of red blood cells lacking a nucleus?
Allows red blood cells to have more space for carrying out their functions
What is the structural characteristic of arteries that allows them to withstand the pressure of blood flow?
Thick muscular walls to sustain the pressure of the blood
Which has a smaller internal lumen and why?
Arteries - To maintain the pressure of blood moving through.
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent blood flowing backwards.
Where are capillaries commonly found in the body?
Muscles and lungs
What is the size of capillaries?
One cell thick
What are the thin tubes that run throughout the body, forming the lymphatic system?
lymph vessels or lymphatic vessels.
Where are new red blood cells produced?
Bone marrow
What is Atrial Systole?
Contraction of the myocardia muscle of the left and right atria
When does Atrial Systole occur?
When the ventricles are 70% full
What is Ventricular Systole?
Contraction of the myocardia muscle of the left and right ventricles
what is the complete cardiac distole?
The heart at rest
During Atrial Systole, what percentage of blood is pushed into the ventricles?
30%
What is the overall duration of the cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
What is the heart rate?
Number of beats within a minute
Where does the right side of the heart pump to?
The lungs
What is it called when venous blood is pumped to the lunges to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen?
Pulmonary ciculation
What is it called when blood is pumped to tissues/organs to give up oxygen and take up carbon dioxide?
Systemic Circulation
What is coronary circulation?
It is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the Myocardium
What is the function of the Sinoatrial node?
Continuously generates electrical impulses
Responsible for normal heart rhythm
What is the function of the atrioventricular node?
Controls the passage of the heart’s electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles
What is the SAN and AVN mainly supplied by?
Right coronary artery
where is the SAN located?
Right atrium
Where is the AVN found?
Lower back section of the interatrial septum
What are the fibers leading away from the AV node?
Bundle of HIS
What is tachycardia caused by?
Exercise and anxiety
What is bradycardia cause by?
Sleep
What happens when the sinoatrial node produces a wave of electrical stimulation?
Sends a wave of electricity to the atrial walls which causes the atria to contract at approximately the same time.
Where doe SAN pass the electricity to?
Atrioventricular node (AVN), located between both the atria.
What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SAN) in the heart’s electrical conduction system?
Initiates a wave of electrical stimulation, causing contraction of the atria by sending the electrical signal to the atrial walls.
What role does the atrioventricular node (AVN) play?
Why is there a deliberate delay in the transmission of the electrical signal?
Sends signal to ventricles and passes the wave of electricity down the nerves of the bundle of His.
Delay ensures the ventricles don’t contact prematurely, allowing sufficient time for the atria to fully empty.
What is the pathway of the electrical signal once it reaches the bundle of His, and how does the bundle contribute to the coordination of ventricular contraction?
The bundle of His transmits the electrical wave from the atrioventricular node (AVN) to the base of the heart.
From the AVN it moves to the Apex of the heart.
where it divides into Purkinje fibers,
branching up into each ventricle to facilitate coordinated ventricular contraction
What do the purkinje fibers do?
Why are they coordinated?
Electricity passes up through them, so the ventricles can contract from the base up.
It allows ventricles to fully empty, pushing blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
What is the diastole phase?
Heart is relaxed and fills up with blood
What is the systole phase?
Blood is pushed through the heart into pulmonary and systemic circulation
What is the circulating blood volume of an adult?
5-6 litres
What is the cardiac output litre/min?
5 litre/min
How is the cardiac output calculated?
heart rate x stroke volume
What is the adult stroke volume?
70ml
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood circulated in one minute
What is Peripheral resistance?
Resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system and create blood flow.
It is used in calculations of blood pressure
How is blood pressure calculated?
Cardiac output + peripheral resistance
What does the coronary arteries do?
Supply blood to the heart muscles
What is stroke volume?
How much blood the heart pumps out of the left ventricle per beat
