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Scribing > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Serves as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.

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2
Q

How many layers of skin are they and what are they called?

A

3 layers; Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis

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3
Q

Prone Position

A

Laying flat with body faced down, with forearm and hand turned palmar side down.

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4
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the body or attachment point

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5
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the body or attachment point

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6
Q

What are contained in the dermis? What is contained in the hypodermis?

A

The dermis contains nerves, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The hypodermis contain subcutaneous fat

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body

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9
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle of the body (the midline)

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10
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the outer edge of the body (farther from the midline)

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11
Q

Superior

A

Towards the crown of the head

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12
Q

Inferior

A

Farther from the crown of the head

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13
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of the arm/hand laterally from the body.

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14
Q

Term: cyanotic

A

Bluish discoloration, especially of skin

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15
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular rotation of the leg at the hip joint.

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16
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of the arm/hand medially towards the body.

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17
Q

Flexion vs. Extension

A

Flexion is Forward
Extension is Backward

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18
Q

Term: urticaria

A

hives

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19
Q

Term: ecchymosis

A

discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising

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20
Q

Inversion vs. Eversion of the Feet

A

Inversion is Inward (rotate medially)
Eversion is Outward (rotate laterally)

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21
Q

Term: erythema

A

Redness

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22
Q

Term: Keloid

A

Irregular fibrous tissue formed at site of a scar or injury

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23
Q

Term: pallor

A

paleness

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24
Q

Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar Flexion of the Feet

A

Dorisflexion is rotation at the ankle joint towards the dorsum (top) of the foot.

Plantar Flexion is rotation at the ankle joint towards the plantar (bottom) aspect of the foot.

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25
Q

Term: petechiae

A

tiny purple, red, or brown spots

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26
Q

Term: weal

A

redness, swollen mark left on flesh by a blow or pressure

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27
Q

Term: pruritus

A

itchy skin

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28
Q

Term: actinic keratosis (AK)

A

rough, scaly patch on your skin that develops from years of exposure to the sun

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29
Q

Opposition vs. Reposition of Fingers

A

Opposition involves contact of the thumb and pinky fingers.

Reposition involves restoring the fingers to a flat/resting position.

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30
Q

Term: induration

A

deep thickening of skin

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31
Q

Term: purulent

A

Containing pus

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32
Q

Supination vs. Pronation of the Forearm

A

Supination involves flipping arm with palm facing up. (top surface of arm is laid down)

Pronation involves flipping arm with palm facing down. (top surface of arm is pointed up)

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33
Q

Term: corn

A

Distinctly shaped callus formed of dead skin

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34
Q

Term: laceration

A

Deep cut or tear of the skin

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35
Q

Term: abrasion

A

Superficial injury to the skin such as a scratch

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36
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system

A

Bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs

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37
Q

What are the 3 Anatomical Planes?

A
  1. Frontal (coronal) Plane-the plane bisecting the body parallel with the shoulders.
  2. Sagittal Plane - the plane bisecting the body perpendicular with the shoulders.
  3. Transverse (horizontal) Plane - the plane intersecting the body perpendicular to the vertical midline (cross-sectional plane)
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38
Q

What are the 3 sectional anatomical planes?

A
  1. Cross-section - through the middle and perpendicular to the longitudinal aspect
  2. Longitudinal - through the middle and along the longitudinal aspect
  3. Oblique - Angled cross-section.
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39
Q

What are the main muscles in the arm?

A

Biceps and triceps

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40
Q

What are the main muscles in the chest?

A

pectoralis major

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41
Q

What are the main muscles in the back?

A

deltoid, latissimus dorsi

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42
Q

What are the main muscles in the abdomen

A

Internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis

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43
Q

What are the main muscles in the glutes?

A

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius

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44
Q

What are the main muscles in the leg?

A

Quadriceps, hamstrings, calf

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45
Q

Term: arthralgia

A

joint pain

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46
Q

Term: myalgia

A

muscle pain

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46
Q

Term: crepitus

A

abnormal popping or crackling sound in joints or the lungs

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47
Q

Term: gait

A

a person’s manner of walking

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48
Q

Term: antalgic gait

A

shortened gait to avoid pain

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49
Q

Term: ataxic gait

A

difficulty walking in a straight line

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50
Q

Abb.: OA

A

osteoarthritis

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51
Q

Ulnar Aspect of the Arm

A

Pinky side

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52
Q

Abb.: RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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53
Q

Abb.: DDD

A

degenerative disc disease

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54
Q

Abb.: DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

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55
Q

Abb.: BKA

A

below knee amputation

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56
Q

Abb.: BUE/BLE

A

Bilateral upper/lower extremities

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57
Q

Abb.: LUE/LLE

A

Left upper/lower extremities

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58
Q

Abb.: RUE/RLE

A

Right upper/lower extremities

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59
Q

Abb.: ROM

A

Range of motion

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60
Q

What is the genitourinary system?

A

A combination of the reproductive, renal, and urinary systems

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61
Q

What is the reproductive system?

A

the system of sex organs within an organism for sexual reproduction

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62
Q

Radial Aspect of the Arm

A

Thumb side

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63
Q

Volar Aspect of the Arm

A

The same side as the palm

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64
Q

What is the renal/urinary system and what does it consist of?

A

Consists of kidneys, nephrons, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. the purpose is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH

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65
Q

Dorsal Aspect of the Arm

A

Top surface of the arm, opposite the palm.

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66
Q

Palmar Aspect of the Hands/Feet

A

The soft concave portion (palms and soles)

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67
Q

Dorsum of Hands/Feet

A

The top surface (opposite the palmar aspect)

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68
Q

What is the cycle of changes in the female reproductive over the course of a month called?

A

The menstrual cycle

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69
Q

Plantar Aspect of the Foot

A

The sole-side of the foot.

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70
Q

The Circulatory System: What are the components and what is its function?

A
  • Includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels
  • Supplies oxygen to tissues, removes waste products, and transports hormones/chemical signals
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71
Q

What is the main functions of the kidneys and ureters?

A

Excrete waste products

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72
Q

Where does the formation and concentration of urine happen?

A

In the kidney within the nephron

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73
Q

What do ureters carry?

A

urine to the bladder

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74
Q

Term: gravidity

A

state of pregnancy or the number of total pregnancies a woman has had

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75
Q

Veins vs. Arteries

A

Veins transport blood towards the heart, contain valves that prevent backflow of blood.

Arteries transport blood away from the heart, have thicker muscular walls.

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76
Q

Blood Vessel Pathway

A
  1. Heart
  2. Arteries
  3. Arterioles
  4. Capillaries
  5. Venules
  6. Veins
  7. Heart
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77
Q

Term: para

A

number of times a woman has given birth

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78
Q

Term: abortus

A

number of pregnancies lost

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79
Q

Abb.: STI

A

sexually transmitted infection

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80
Q

Abb.: IUD

A

intrauterine device

81
Q

Abb.: LMP

A

last menstrual period

82
Q

Abb.: D&C

A

dilation and curettage

83
Q

Atria

A

Upper chambers of the heart that collect and pump blood into the ventricles.

84
Q

Term: nystagmus

A

involuntary, rapid and repetitive movement of the eye

85
Q

Term: Tinnitus

A

ringing in the ears

86
Q

Term: exudate

A

fluid that has seeped out of the blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation

87
Q

Term: phlegm

A

thick, viscous substance secreted by the mucous membranes of the respiratory passages

88
Q

Term: cerumen

A

wax

89
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the lungs and body.

90
Q

Term: conjunctiva

A

covering of the front of the eye & lines inside the eyelids

91
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart

92
Q

Heart Nerve Conduction Pathway

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Left and Right Bundle Branches
93
Q

Term: dentition

A

condition of teeth in a particular species or individual

94
Q

Heart Circulation Pathway

A
  1. Lungs oxygenate blood
  2. Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium through pulmonary vein
  3. Left ventricle pumps blood out of aorta to systemic circulation.
  4. Tissues deoxygenate blood, blood returns to right atrium through vena cava
  5. Right ventricle pumps blood out of pulmonary artery to lungs.
95
Q

Term: endentulous

A

without teeth

96
Q

Term: epistaxis

A

nose bleed

97
Q

Term: burning

A

pick or electric shock sensation typically related to nerve damage

98
Q

Term: dull

A

usually chronic or persistent and low intensity pain

99
Q

RBCs

A

Red Blood Cells
-AKA erythrocytes
-transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

100
Q

Term: sharp

A

Typically more localized than dull pain and may be described as breath taking

101
Q

Term: radiating

A

starts in one area and spreads to another area

102
Q

Term: throbbing

A

Feels like a pulsing sensation and can come and go quickly

103
Q

Term: pressure

A

May feel like a squeezing sensation or tightness

104
Q

Term: acute

A

and illness or condition that is of short duration

105
Q

Term: subacute

A

an illness or condition that lasts between 2 weeks and 3 months

106
Q

Term: chronic

A

an illness or condition that is persistent or long lasting

107
Q

Term: intermittent

A

Pain or symptoms come and go

108
Q

What is the digestive system and what does it consist of?

A

Consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestions. Digestion involves the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body

109
Q

WBCs

A

White Blood Cells
-aka leukocytes
-fight infection, mediate inflammation

110
Q

Platelets

A

AKA thrombocytes
-mediate blood clotting

111
Q

Plasma

A

Main liquid component of blood

112
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

113
Q

What are the 4 quadrants that the abdomen is divided into?

A

right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant

114
Q

Brady vs. Tachycardia

A

Abnormally slow vs. abnormally fast heart rate

115
Q

What are the 9 regions that the abdomen is divided into?

A

epigastric, left and right hypogastric, umbilical, left and right lumbar, hypogastric, left and right inguinal

116
Q

Bruit

A

Blowing vascular sounds perceived over partially occluded vessels

117
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

High blood pressure

118
Q

Which organs make up the digestive system?

A

esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

119
Q

Claudication

A

Pain caused by restricted blood flow to the extremities

120
Q

What are the part of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

121
Q

Hypotension

A

Abnormally low BP

122
Q

Systolic vs. Diastolic BP

A

BP is read as Systolic/Diastolic
-Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during heart contraction
-Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during the resting phase between contractions

123
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum

124
Q

What does the liver do?

A

filters blood coming from the digestive tract, detoxifies chemicals, metabolizes drugs, and produces bile

125
Q

Edema

A

Swelling due to fluid in tissue

126
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

127
Q

What do the bile ducts do?

A

carry bile from the gallbladder and empties it into the upper part of the small intestine

128
Q

Ischemia

A

Restriction of blood supply to tissue

129
Q

Murmur

A

Whooshing/swishing sounds caused by turbulent blood flow in or near the heart

130
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

endocrine function: release hormones directly into the bloodstream
exocrine function: releases digestive enzymes

131
Q

RRR

A

Regular Rate and Rhythm

132
Q

Where does mechanical digestion begin

A

teeth and tongue in mouth

133
Q

what are involuntary wave-like contractions that also function as mechanical digestion?

A

peristalsis

134
Q

NSR

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm

135
Q

CABG

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

136
Q

STEMI

A

ST-elevated Myocardial Infarction

137
Q

NSTEMI

A

Non-ST-elevated Myocardial Infarction

138
Q

CP

A

Chest Pain

139
Q

EKG/ECG

A

Electrocardiogram

140
Q

CHF

A

Congestive Heart Failure

141
Q

Where does chemical digestion begin?

A

The salivary glands in the mouth

142
Q

DVT

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

143
Q

Afib

A

Atrial Fibrillation

144
Q

JVD

A

Jugular Vein Distension

145
Q

PT Pulse

A

Posterior Tibialis Pulse

146
Q

DP Pulse

A

Dorsalis Pedis Pulse

147
Q

Term: cirrhosis

A

severe damage to the liver so that it can no longer function properly due to scar tissue

148
Q

PE

A

Pulmonary Embolism

149
Q

Respiratory System Function

A

Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through breathing

150
Q

Respiratory tract consists of:

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx and Larynx
  3. Trachea
  4. Bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Alveoli
151
Q

Term: -ostomy

A

artificial opening in an organ of the body

152
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs

153
Q

Term: hematochezia

A

stool with bright red blood

154
Q

Term: melena

A

dark or black tar colored stool

155
Q

Respiration occurs by:

A

Negative pressure created by the diaphragm contracting to inhale air, and relaxation causing expiration.

156
Q

Term: emesis

A

vomiting

157
Q

Term: hematoemesis

A

vomiting blood

158
Q

Term: ulcer

A

and open sore or wound

159
Q

Term: ascites

A

free fluid in the abdomen

160
Q

Abb.: N/V/D

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

161
Q

Brady vs. Tachypnea

A

Abnormally slow vs. fast breathing

162
Q

Abb.: PEG tube

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube

163
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

164
Q

Abb.: NG tube

A

nasogastric tube

165
Q

Orthopnea

A

Shortness of breath when lying flat

166
Q

Abb.: BM

A

bowel movement

167
Q

Abb.: GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

168
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood in mucus

169
Q

Abb.: IBD

A

inflammatory bowel disease

170
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deprivation of oxygen supply in the body or a region of the body

171
Q

Wheezing

A

High-pitched sounds produced by narrowed airways

172
Q

Abb.: IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

173
Q

Rales

A

Clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs

174
Q

Ronchi

A

Sounds resembling snoring

175
Q

Stridor

A

Wheezing-like sounds

176
Q

SOB

A

Shortness of Breath

177
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

178
Q

PNA

A

Pneumonia

179
Q

URI

A

Upper Respiratory Infection

180
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis

181
Q

SpO2

A

Saturation peripheral oxygen

182
Q

CTAB

A

Clear to auscultation bilaterally

183
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord

184
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Consists of the peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons)

185
Q

Brain Region Functions

A

Frontal Lobe - Decision-making, thought, memory, behavior, movement
Temporal Lobe - Hearing, learning, feelings
Parietal Lobe - Language, Touch
Occipital Lobe - Sight
Cerebellum - Balance, Coordination of movement
Brainstem (medulla and pons) - Autonomic functions like breathing, heart rate, temperature.

186
Q

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Nervous Systems

A

Both parts of the PNS
Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest
Sympathetic - Fight or Flight

187
Q

Paresthesia

A

Prickling, burning, tingling, numb, itching, or “skin crawling” feeling

188
Q

Syncope

A

Passing out

189
Q

Vertigo

A

A feeling that one’s surroundings are moving when they are not

190
Q

Lightheaded

A

Feeling faint or like one will pass out

191
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

192
Q

TIA

A

Transient Ischemic Attack

193
Q

DTR

A

Deep Tendon Reflex

194
Q

HA

A

Headache

195
Q

AOx4

A

Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation

196
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

197
Q

GCS

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

198
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

199
Q

ICH

A

Intracranial Hemorrhage

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