Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is the integumentary system?
Serves as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.
How many layers of skin are they and what are they called?
3 layers; Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis
Prone Position
Laying flat with body faced down, with forearm and hand turned palmar side down.
Proximal
Closer to the body or attachment point
Distal
Farther from the body or attachment point
What are contained in the dermis? What is contained in the hypodermis?
The dermis contains nerves, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The hypodermis contain subcutaneous fat
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
Medial
Towards the middle of the body (the midline)
Lateral
Towards the outer edge of the body (farther from the midline)
Superior
Towards the crown of the head
Inferior
Farther from the crown of the head
Abduction
Movement of the arm/hand laterally from the body.
Term: cyanotic
Bluish discoloration, especially of skin
Circumduction
Circular rotation of the leg at the hip joint.
Adduction
Movement of the arm/hand medially towards the body.
Flexion vs. Extension
Flexion is Forward
Extension is Backward
Term: urticaria
hives
Term: ecchymosis
discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising
Inversion vs. Eversion of the Feet
Inversion is Inward (rotate medially)
Eversion is Outward (rotate laterally)
Term: erythema
Redness
Term: Keloid
Irregular fibrous tissue formed at site of a scar or injury
Term: pallor
paleness
Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar Flexion of the Feet
Dorisflexion is rotation at the ankle joint towards the dorsum (top) of the foot.
Plantar Flexion is rotation at the ankle joint towards the plantar (bottom) aspect of the foot.
Term: petechiae
tiny purple, red, or brown spots
Term: weal
redness, swollen mark left on flesh by a blow or pressure
Term: pruritus
itchy skin
Term: actinic keratosis (AK)
rough, scaly patch on your skin that develops from years of exposure to the sun
Opposition vs. Reposition of Fingers
Opposition involves contact of the thumb and pinky fingers.
Reposition involves restoring the fingers to a flat/resting position.
Term: induration
deep thickening of skin
Term: purulent
Containing pus
Supination vs. Pronation of the Forearm
Supination involves flipping arm with palm facing up. (top surface of arm is laid down)
Pronation involves flipping arm with palm facing down. (top surface of arm is pointed up)
Term: corn
Distinctly shaped callus formed of dead skin
Term: laceration
Deep cut or tear of the skin
Term: abrasion
Superficial injury to the skin such as a scratch
What is the musculoskeletal system
Bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs
What are the 3 Anatomical Planes?
- Frontal (coronal) Plane-the plane bisecting the body parallel with the shoulders.
- Sagittal Plane - the plane bisecting the body perpendicular with the shoulders.
- Transverse (horizontal) Plane - the plane intersecting the body perpendicular to the vertical midline (cross-sectional plane)
What are the 3 sectional anatomical planes?
- Cross-section - through the middle and perpendicular to the longitudinal aspect
- Longitudinal - through the middle and along the longitudinal aspect
- Oblique - Angled cross-section.
What are the main muscles in the arm?
Biceps and triceps
What are the main muscles in the chest?
pectoralis major
What are the main muscles in the back?
deltoid, latissimus dorsi
What are the main muscles in the abdomen
Internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis
What are the main muscles in the glutes?
Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius
What are the main muscles in the leg?
Quadriceps, hamstrings, calf
Term: arthralgia
joint pain
Term: myalgia
muscle pain
Term: crepitus
abnormal popping or crackling sound in joints or the lungs
Term: gait
a person’s manner of walking
Term: antalgic gait
shortened gait to avoid pain
Term: ataxic gait
difficulty walking in a straight line
Abb.: OA
osteoarthritis
Ulnar Aspect of the Arm
Pinky side
Abb.: RA
rheumatoid arthritis
Abb.: DDD
degenerative disc disease
Abb.: DJD
degenerative joint disease
Abb.: BKA
below knee amputation
Abb.: BUE/BLE
Bilateral upper/lower extremities
Abb.: LUE/LLE
Left upper/lower extremities
Abb.: RUE/RLE
Right upper/lower extremities
Abb.: ROM
Range of motion
What is the genitourinary system?
A combination of the reproductive, renal, and urinary systems
What is the reproductive system?
the system of sex organs within an organism for sexual reproduction
Radial Aspect of the Arm
Thumb side
Volar Aspect of the Arm
The same side as the palm
What is the renal/urinary system and what does it consist of?
Consists of kidneys, nephrons, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. the purpose is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
Dorsal Aspect of the Arm
Top surface of the arm, opposite the palm.
Palmar Aspect of the Hands/Feet
The soft concave portion (palms and soles)
Dorsum of Hands/Feet
The top surface (opposite the palmar aspect)
What is the cycle of changes in the female reproductive over the course of a month called?
The menstrual cycle
Plantar Aspect of the Foot
The sole-side of the foot.
The Circulatory System: What are the components and what is its function?
- Includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels
- Supplies oxygen to tissues, removes waste products, and transports hormones/chemical signals
What is the main functions of the kidneys and ureters?
Excrete waste products
Where does the formation and concentration of urine happen?
In the kidney within the nephron
What do ureters carry?
urine to the bladder
Term: gravidity
state of pregnancy or the number of total pregnancies a woman has had
Veins vs. Arteries
Veins transport blood towards the heart, contain valves that prevent backflow of blood.
Arteries transport blood away from the heart, have thicker muscular walls.
Blood Vessel Pathway
- Heart
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
- Heart
Term: para
number of times a woman has given birth
Term: abortus
number of pregnancies lost
Abb.: STI
sexually transmitted infection
Abb.: IUD
intrauterine device
Abb.: LMP
last menstrual period
Abb.: D&C
dilation and curettage
Atria
Upper chambers of the heart that collect and pump blood into the ventricles.
Term: nystagmus
involuntary, rapid and repetitive movement of the eye
Term: Tinnitus
ringing in the ears
Term: exudate
fluid that has seeped out of the blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation
Term: phlegm
thick, viscous substance secreted by the mucous membranes of the respiratory passages
Term: cerumen
wax
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the lungs and body.
Term: conjunctiva
covering of the front of the eye & lines inside the eyelids
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart
Heart Nerve Conduction Pathway
- Sinoatrial (SA) Node
- Atrioventricular (AV) Node
- Bundle of His
- Left and Right Bundle Branches
Term: dentition
condition of teeth in a particular species or individual
Heart Circulation Pathway
- Lungs oxygenate blood
- Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium through pulmonary vein
- Left ventricle pumps blood out of aorta to systemic circulation.
- Tissues deoxygenate blood, blood returns to right atrium through vena cava
- Right ventricle pumps blood out of pulmonary artery to lungs.
Term: endentulous
without teeth
Term: epistaxis
nose bleed
Term: burning
pick or electric shock sensation typically related to nerve damage
Term: dull
usually chronic or persistent and low intensity pain
RBCs
Red Blood Cells
-AKA erythrocytes
-transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term: sharp
Typically more localized than dull pain and may be described as breath taking
Term: radiating
starts in one area and spreads to another area
Term: throbbing
Feels like a pulsing sensation and can come and go quickly
Term: pressure
May feel like a squeezing sensation or tightness
Term: acute
and illness or condition that is of short duration
Term: subacute
an illness or condition that lasts between 2 weeks and 3 months
Term: chronic
an illness or condition that is persistent or long lasting
Term: intermittent
Pain or symptoms come and go
What is the digestive system and what does it consist of?
Consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestions. Digestion involves the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body
WBCs
White Blood Cells
-aka leukocytes
-fight infection, mediate inflammation
Platelets
AKA thrombocytes
-mediate blood clotting
Plasma
Main liquid component of blood
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
What are the 4 quadrants that the abdomen is divided into?
right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant
Brady vs. Tachycardia
Abnormally slow vs. abnormally fast heart rate
What are the 9 regions that the abdomen is divided into?
epigastric, left and right hypogastric, umbilical, left and right lumbar, hypogastric, left and right inguinal
Bruit
Blowing vascular sounds perceived over partially occluded vessels
Hypertension (HTN)
High blood pressure
Which organs make up the digestive system?
esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
Claudication
Pain caused by restricted blood flow to the extremities
What are the part of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Hypotension
Abnormally low BP
Systolic vs. Diastolic BP
BP is read as Systolic/Diastolic
-Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during heart contraction
-Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during the resting phase between contractions
What are the parts of the large intestine?
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum
What does the liver do?
filters blood coming from the digestive tract, detoxifies chemicals, metabolizes drugs, and produces bile
Edema
Swelling due to fluid in tissue
What does the gallbladder do?
stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver
What do the bile ducts do?
carry bile from the gallbladder and empties it into the upper part of the small intestine
Ischemia
Restriction of blood supply to tissue
Murmur
Whooshing/swishing sounds caused by turbulent blood flow in or near the heart
What does the pancreas do?
endocrine function: release hormones directly into the bloodstream
exocrine function: releases digestive enzymes
RRR
Regular Rate and Rhythm
Where does mechanical digestion begin
teeth and tongue in mouth
what are involuntary wave-like contractions that also function as mechanical digestion?
peristalsis
NSR
Normal Sinus Rhythm
CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
STEMI
ST-elevated Myocardial Infarction
NSTEMI
Non-ST-elevated Myocardial Infarction
CP
Chest Pain
EKG/ECG
Electrocardiogram
CHF
Congestive Heart Failure
Where does chemical digestion begin?
The salivary glands in the mouth
DVT
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Afib
Atrial Fibrillation
JVD
Jugular Vein Distension
PT Pulse
Posterior Tibialis Pulse
DP Pulse
Dorsalis Pedis Pulse
Term: cirrhosis
severe damage to the liver so that it can no longer function properly due to scar tissue
PE
Pulmonary Embolism
Respiratory System Function
Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through breathing
Respiratory tract consists of:
- Nose
- Pharynx and Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Term: -ostomy
artificial opening in an organ of the body
Alveoli
Air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs
Term: hematochezia
stool with bright red blood
Term: melena
dark or black tar colored stool
Respiration occurs by:
Negative pressure created by the diaphragm contracting to inhale air, and relaxation causing expiration.
Term: emesis
vomiting
Term: hematoemesis
vomiting blood
Term: ulcer
and open sore or wound
Term: ascites
free fluid in the abdomen
Abb.: N/V/D
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Brady vs. Tachypnea
Abnormally slow vs. fast breathing
Abb.: PEG tube
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
Abb.: NG tube
nasogastric tube
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath when lying flat
Abb.: BM
bowel movement
Abb.: GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood in mucus
Abb.: IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
Hypoxia
Deprivation of oxygen supply in the body or a region of the body
Wheezing
High-pitched sounds produced by narrowed airways
Abb.: IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
Rales
Clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs
Ronchi
Sounds resembling snoring
Stridor
Wheezing-like sounds
SOB
Shortness of Breath
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
PNA
Pneumonia
URI
Upper Respiratory Infection
TB
Tuberculosis
SpO2
Saturation peripheral oxygen
CTAB
Clear to auscultation bilaterally
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consists of the peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons)
Brain Region Functions
Frontal Lobe - Decision-making, thought, memory, behavior, movement
Temporal Lobe - Hearing, learning, feelings
Parietal Lobe - Language, Touch
Occipital Lobe - Sight
Cerebellum - Balance, Coordination of movement
Brainstem (medulla and pons) - Autonomic functions like breathing, heart rate, temperature.
Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Nervous Systems
Both parts of the PNS
Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest
Sympathetic - Fight or Flight
Paresthesia
Prickling, burning, tingling, numb, itching, or “skin crawling” feeling
Syncope
Passing out
Vertigo
A feeling that one’s surroundings are moving when they are not
Lightheaded
Feeling faint or like one will pass out
CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
DTR
Deep Tendon Reflex
HA
Headache
AOx4
Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid
GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale
EEG
Electroencephalogram
ICH
Intracranial Hemorrhage
