Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Stages of cardiac conduction system
SAN- AVN- Bundle of His- Pukinje fibres- Atrial systol
What does the medulla oblongata
Parasympathetic NS - slows down
Sympathetic NS - speeds up
Neural influences
Receptor- Dectecs- causes
Chemo- acidity in blood- ^heart rate
Baro- pressure- ^heart rate
Proprio- movement- ^heart rate
Hormones and adrenaline
Hormones can cause the release of adrenaline
Released by sympathetic nerves
Stimulates pacemaker
Cardiac output equation
Strove volume x heart rate
Benifits of cardiac hypertrophy
Longer diastole phase
Heart pumps more blood- elasticity
Increased Venus return
Starlings law
The greater the venous return the greater the strength of the contraction
How to calculate heart rate range
Max heart rate - resting heart rate
What is bradycardia
Resting heart rate below 60
What happens during cv drift
1)stroke volume drops due to sweating
2)heart rate compensates
3)stroke volume is regulated
CV drift causes
High blood pressure
Strokes
Angina- tightening of heart
Atherosclerosis- build up of lipids
Types of respiration
Pulmanery- diffusion at lungs
Systemic- diffusion were oxygen is needed e.g. legs,arms
Characteristics of arteries
High pressure
Thick walls
Away from heart
Characteristics of capillaries
Tiny thin walls
Diffusion of substances in and out
Characteristics of veins
Low pressure
Valves
Back to heart
Venous return
Venous return methods
Skeletal muscle pump
Valves
Respiratory muscle pump
Benifits of myoglobin
Stores oxygen in the muscle
Can be used instantly when needed
Stages of oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve
1)at pp02 of 40 10% delivered
2)^temp, ^blood acidity
3)BOHR shift
4)at pp02 of 40 75% delivered
How we redistribute blood
Vasoconstriction- narrowing
Vasodilation- widening
How exercise affects blood distribution
Muscles, coronary vessels, skin^
Brain=
Kidneys liver⬇️
What does arterio Venus oxygen difference measure
The amount of oxygen consumed by the muscles during exercise
Order of breathing in
Nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Mechanics of inhalation
Intercostals contract
Diaphragm contract
Lungs increase volume
Pressure decreases
Mechanics of exhilation
Intercostals relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Lungs decrease volume
Pressure increases
Components of forced expiration
Abdominals
Components of forced inhalation
Scalenes, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid
What is tidal volume
Volume of air breathed in or out per breath
What is inspiration reserve volume
Volume of air that can be forcely inspired after a normal breath
What is expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
What is residual volume
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a breath
How to calculation minute ventilation
(Amount breathed out per minute)
Tidal volume x respiratory rate
What happens to TV, IRV, RV, ERV
During exercise
TV⬆️
IRV⬆️
ERV⬆️
RV=
What is partial pressure
The pressure exerted by a gas when it exits within a mixture of other gases
3 factors which control process of ventilation
Neural- Brain
Chemical- blood acidity
Hormonal- adrenaline
Receptor durning expiration
Stretch receptor- stretch of the heart
How smoking affects respiration
Reduce lung function
Excess mucus due to damaged cilia
Reduced gaseous exchange
CO3 can block oxygen at haemoglobin
Characteristics of slow twitch fibres
Aerobic
Oxygen used
Long period of time
Very resistant to fatigue
Characteristics of fast twitch fibres
Anaerobic
No oxygen used
Short period of time
Not resistant
Physiological properties of slow twitch (T1)
Small fibre size, high mitochondria density, high number of capillaries, high myoglobin content, low photo creative stores, high triglyceride stores
Functional properties of slow twitch fibres (T1)
Slow speed of contraction, low force of contraction, high resistant to fatigue,high aerobic capacity, low anaerobic capacity
Physiological properties of fast twitch fibres (T2a+b)
Large fibre size, low mitochondria density, low number of capillaries, low myoglobin content, high phospho creatine stores, low trygliceride stores
Functional properties of fast twitch fibres (T2a+b)
Fast contraction, high force of contraction, low resistance to fatigue, low aerobic capacity, high anaerobic capacity
Controlling contactions
Fibre types are largely genetics
Sprinters are born not made
You can increase size of muscle fibres through training
What is a motor unit
Connects skeleton to muscle fibres
Nerve impulses trigger a contraction
‘All or nothing’
How is a fibre recruited
Slow twitch first
After high intensity fast twitch
Fatigue follows
Motor neuron controls a motor unit
What is spatial summation
Force of contraction, recruitment of additional and bigger motor units- develops more force
What happens during wave summation
Greater the frequency of stimuli the greater the tension in the muscle
Calcium is needed
Results of wave summation
Smooth force and sustained contraction occurs- tetanus contraction
3 different types of planes an axis
Sagital- transverse
Frontal- sagital
Transverse- longitudinal
Example of each type of planes and axis
ST-Somersault
FS-Cartwheel
TL-Spin
Newtons 1st law
Law of inertia
A body in a continues in a state of rest unless acted upon by an external force
Newtons 2nd law
Law of acceleration
When a force acts upon an object, the force experienced is proportional to the force applied
Newtons 3rd law
Law of action/reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is stability dependant on
Centre of mass being directly above base of support
Factors that affect stability
Position of centre of mass
Mass of athlete
Size of base of support
Where the line of gravity is
What is a 1st class lever
Fulcrum in the middle of resistance and effort
What is a 2nd class lever
Resistance in the middle of fulcrum and effort
What is a 3rd class lever
Effort in the middle of fulcrum and resistance
