Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards by Miles Eynon

Stages of cardiac conduction system

SAN- AVN- Bundle of His- Pukinje fibres- Atrial systol

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What does the medulla oblongata

Parasympathetic NS - slows down
Sympathetic NS - speeds up

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Neural influences
Receptor- Dectecs- causes

Chemo- acidity in blood- ^heart rate
Baro- pressure- ^heart rate
Proprio- movement- ^heart rate

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Hormones and adrenaline

Hormones can cause the release of adrenaline
Released by sympathetic nerves
Stimulates pacemaker

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Cardiac output equation

Strove volume x heart rate

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Benifits of cardiac hypertrophy

Longer diastole phase
Heart pumps more blood- elasticity
Increased Venus return

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Starlings law

The greater the venous return the greater the strength of the contraction

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How to calculate heart rate range

Max heart rate - resting heart rate

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What is bradycardia

Resting heart rate below 60

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What happens during cv drift

1)stroke volume drops due to sweating
2)heart rate compensates
3)stroke volume is regulated

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CV drift causes

High blood pressure
Strokes
Angina- tightening of heart
Atherosclerosis- build up of lipids

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Types of respiration

Pulmanery- diffusion at lungs
Systemic- diffusion were oxygen is needed e.g. legs,arms

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Characteristics of arteries

High pressure
Thick walls
Away from heart

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Characteristics of capillaries

Tiny thin walls
Diffusion of substances in and out

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Characteristics of veins

Low pressure
Valves
Back to heart
Venous return

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Venous return methods

Skeletal muscle pump
Valves
Respiratory muscle pump

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Benifits of myoglobin

Stores oxygen in the muscle
Can be used instantly when needed

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Stages of oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve

1)at pp02 of 40 10% delivered
2)^temp, ^blood acidity
3)BOHR shift
4)at pp02 of 40 75% delivered

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How we redistribute blood

Vasoconstriction- narrowing
Vasodilation- widening

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How exercise affects blood distribution

Muscles, coronary vessels, skin^
Brain=
Kidneys liver⬇️

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What does arterio Venus oxygen difference measure

The amount of oxygen consumed by the muscles during exercise

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Order of breathing in

Nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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Mechanics of inhalation

Intercostals contract
Diaphragm contract
Lungs increase volume
Pressure decreases

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Mechanics of exhilation

Intercostals relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Lungs decrease volume
Pressure increases

Components of forced expiration

Abdominals

Components of forced inhalation

Scalenes, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid

What is tidal volume

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

What is inspiration reserve volume

Volume of air that can be forcely inspired after a normal breath

What is expiratory reserve volume

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

What is residual volume

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a breath

How to calculation minute ventilation (Amount breathed out per minute)

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

What happens to TV, IRV, RV, ERV During exercise

TV⬆️ IRV⬆️ ERV⬆️ RV=

What is partial pressure

The pressure exerted by a gas when it exits within a mixture of other gases

3 factors which control process of ventilation

Neural- Brain Chemical- blood acidity Hormonal- adrenaline

Receptor durning expiration

Stretch receptor- stretch of the heart

How smoking affects respiration

Reduce lung function Excess mucus due to damaged cilia Reduced gaseous exchange CO3 can block oxygen at haemoglobin

Characteristics of slow twitch fibres

Aerobic Oxygen used Long period of time Very resistant to fatigue

Characteristics of fast twitch fibres

Anaerobic No oxygen used Short period of time Not resistant

Physiological properties of slow twitch (T1)

Small fibre size, high mitochondria density, high number of capillaries, high myoglobin content, low photo creative stores, high triglyceride stores

Functional properties of slow twitch fibres (T1)

Slow speed of contraction, low force of contraction, high resistant to fatigue,high aerobic capacity, low anaerobic capacity

Physiological properties of fast twitch fibres (T2a+b)

Large fibre size, low mitochondria density, low number of capillaries, low myoglobin content, high phospho creatine stores, low trygliceride stores

Functional properties of fast twitch fibres (T2a+b)

Fast contraction, high force of contraction, low resistance to fatigue, low aerobic capacity, high anaerobic capacity

Controlling contactions

Fibre types are largely genetics Sprinters are born not made You can increase size of muscle fibres through training

What is a motor unit

Connects skeleton to muscle fibres Nerve impulses trigger a contraction ‘All or nothing’

How is a fibre recruited

Slow twitch first After high intensity fast twitch Fatigue follows Motor neuron controls a motor unit

What is spatial summation

Force of contraction, recruitment of additional and bigger motor units- develops more force

What happens during wave summation

Greater the frequency of stimuli the greater the tension in the muscle Calcium is needed

Results of wave summation

Smooth force and sustained contraction occurs- tetanus contraction

3 different types of planes an axis

Sagital- transverse Frontal- sagital Transverse- longitudinal

Example of each type of planes and axis

ST-Somersault FS-Cartwheel TL-Spin

Newtons 1st law

Law of inertia A body in a continues in a state of rest unless acted upon by an external force

Newtons 2nd law

Law of acceleration When a force acts upon an object, the force experienced is proportional to the force applied

Newtons 3rd law

Law of action/reaction For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

What is stability dependant on

Centre of mass being directly above base of support

Factors that affect stability

Position of centre of mass Mass of athlete Size of base of support Where the line of gravity is

What is a 1st class lever

Fulcrum in the middle of resistance and effort

What is a 2nd class lever

Resistance in the middle of fulcrum and effort

What is a 3rd class lever

Effort in the middle of fulcrum and resistance