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A Level Pe > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of cardiac conduction system

A

SAN- AVN- Bundle of His- Pukinje fibres- Atrial systol

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2
Q

What does the medulla oblongata

A

Parasympathetic NS - slows down
Sympathetic NS - speeds up

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3
Q

Neural influences
Receptor- Dectecs- causes

A

Chemo- acidity in blood- ^heart rate
Baro- pressure- ^heart rate
Proprio- movement- ^heart rate

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4
Q

Hormones and adrenaline

A

Hormones can cause the release of adrenaline
Released by sympathetic nerves
Stimulates pacemaker

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5
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Strove volume x heart rate

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6
Q

Benifits of cardiac hypertrophy

A

Longer diastole phase
Heart pumps more blood- elasticity
Increased Venus return

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7
Q

Starlings law

A

The greater the venous return the greater the strength of the contraction

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8
Q

How to calculate heart rate range

A

Max heart rate - resting heart rate

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9
Q

What is bradycardia

A

Resting heart rate below 60

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10
Q

What happens during cv drift

A

1)stroke volume drops due to sweating
2)heart rate compensates
3)stroke volume is regulated

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11
Q

CV drift causes

A

High blood pressure
Strokes
Angina- tightening of heart
Atherosclerosis- build up of lipids

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12
Q

Types of respiration

A

Pulmanery- diffusion at lungs
Systemic- diffusion were oxygen is needed e.g. legs,arms

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13
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A

High pressure
Thick walls
Away from heart

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14
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

Tiny thin walls
Diffusion of substances in and out

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15
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Low pressure
Valves
Back to heart
Venous return

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16
Q

Venous return methods

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Valves
Respiratory muscle pump

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17
Q

Benifits of myoglobin

A

Stores oxygen in the muscle
Can be used instantly when needed

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18
Q

Stages of oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

1)at pp02 of 40 10% delivered
2)^temp, ^blood acidity
3)BOHR shift
4)at pp02 of 40 75% delivered

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19
Q

How we redistribute blood

A

Vasoconstriction- narrowing
Vasodilation- widening

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20
Q

How exercise affects blood distribution

A

Muscles, coronary vessels, skin^
Brain=
Kidneys liver⬇️

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21
Q

What does arterio Venus oxygen difference measure

A

The amount of oxygen consumed by the muscles during exercise

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22
Q

Order of breathing in

A

Nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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23
Q

Mechanics of inhalation

A

Intercostals contract
Diaphragm contract
Lungs increase volume
Pressure decreases

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24
Q

Mechanics of exhilation

A

Intercostals relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Lungs decrease volume
Pressure increases

25
Q

Components of forced expiration

A

Abdominals

26
Q

Components of forced inhalation

A

Scalenes, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid

27
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

28
Q

What is inspiration reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcely inspired after a normal breath

29
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

30
Q

What is residual volume

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a breath

31
Q

How to calculation minute ventilation
(Amount breathed out per minute)

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

32
Q

What happens to TV, IRV, RV, ERV
During exercise

A

TV⬆️
IRV⬆️
ERV⬆️
RV=

33
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a gas when it exits within a mixture of other gases

34
Q

3 factors which control process of ventilation

A

Neural- Brain
Chemical- blood acidity
Hormonal- adrenaline

35
Q

Receptor durning expiration

A

Stretch receptor- stretch of the heart

36
Q

How smoking affects respiration

A

Reduce lung function
Excess mucus due to damaged cilia
Reduced gaseous exchange
CO3 can block oxygen at haemoglobin

37
Q

Characteristics of slow twitch fibres

A

Aerobic
Oxygen used
Long period of time
Very resistant to fatigue

38
Q

Characteristics of fast twitch fibres

A

Anaerobic
No oxygen used
Short period of time
Not resistant

39
Q

Physiological properties of slow twitch (T1)

A

Small fibre size, high mitochondria density, high number of capillaries, high myoglobin content, low photo creative stores, high triglyceride stores

40
Q

Functional properties of slow twitch fibres (T1)

A

Slow speed of contraction, low force of contraction, high resistant to fatigue,high aerobic capacity, low anaerobic capacity

41
Q

Physiological properties of fast twitch fibres (T2a+b)

A

Large fibre size, low mitochondria density, low number of capillaries, low myoglobin content, high phospho creatine stores, low trygliceride stores

42
Q

Functional properties of fast twitch fibres (T2a+b)

A

Fast contraction, high force of contraction, low resistance to fatigue, low aerobic capacity, high anaerobic capacity

43
Q

Controlling contactions

A

Fibre types are largely genetics
Sprinters are born not made
You can increase size of muscle fibres through training

44
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Connects skeleton to muscle fibres
Nerve impulses trigger a contraction
‘All or nothing’

45
Q

How is a fibre recruited

A

Slow twitch first
After high intensity fast twitch
Fatigue follows
Motor neuron controls a motor unit

46
Q

What is spatial summation

A

Force of contraction, recruitment of additional and bigger motor units- develops more force

47
Q

What happens during wave summation

A

Greater the frequency of stimuli the greater the tension in the muscle
Calcium is needed

48
Q

Results of wave summation

A

Smooth force and sustained contraction occurs- tetanus contraction

49
Q

3 different types of planes an axis

A

Sagital- transverse
Frontal- sagital
Transverse- longitudinal

50
Q

Example of each type of planes and axis

A

ST-Somersault
FS-Cartwheel
TL-Spin

51
Q

Newtons 1st law

A

Law of inertia
A body in a continues in a state of rest unless acted upon by an external force

52
Q

Newtons 2nd law

A

Law of acceleration
When a force acts upon an object, the force experienced is proportional to the force applied

53
Q

Newtons 3rd law

A

Law of action/reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

54
Q

What is stability dependant on

A

Centre of mass being directly above base of support

55
Q

Factors that affect stability

A

Position of centre of mass
Mass of athlete
Size of base of support
Where the line of gravity is

56
Q

What is a 1st class lever

A

Fulcrum in the middle of resistance and effort

57
Q

What is a 2nd class lever

A

Resistance in the middle of fulcrum and effort

58
Q

What is a 3rd class lever

A

Effort in the middle of fulcrum and resistance

A Level Pe (7 decks)

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