Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What are the three cylinders that make up the penis?

Answer 1

x2 lateral corpora cavernosa (surrounded by a strong fibrous envelope)
x1 medial corpus spongiosum (which contains the urethra)

Question 2

How can the presence of a foreskin increase risk of HIV acquisition?

Answer 2

The inside of the foreskin contains Langerhans’ cells with HIV receptors

Question 3

What are the three major arteries that supply the penis?

Answer 3

Dorsal artery - supplies glans and prepuce. Lies between the deep doral vein adn the dorsal nerve (nerve being most lateral)
Deep cavernosal artery - runs through centre of corpus cavernosum
Bulbo-urethral artery

Question 4

From what artery do the arteries supplying the penis arise?

Answer 4

Internal pudendal artery

Question 5

What is the venous supply of the penis?

Answer 5

Superficial dorsal vein - drains prepuce and skin, back into superficial external pudendal vein, then great saphenous vein
Deep dorsal vein - drains from glans and corpora cavernosa, drains into pudendal plexus and beneath the symphysis pubis with the internal pudendal vein

Question 6

To what degree is the increased risk of malignancy in undescended testes (crytoprchidism)?

Answer 6

5-10x greater

Question 7

What is the contents of the spermatic cord?

Answer 7

Ductus deferens (45cm)
Testicular artery
Artery to the ductus deferens
Cremasteric artery
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Lymphatics

Question 8

What are the layers of the spermatic cord, and from where do they arise?

Answer 8

Internal spermatic fascia - transversalis fascia
Cremasteric fascia and muscle - transversus abdominis and internal oblique
External spermatic fascia - external oblique aponeurosis

Question 9

What are the layers of the scrotum?

Answer 9

Skin
Dartos muscle and fascia
External spermatic fascia
Emasteric fascia and muscle
Internal spermatic fascia

Question 10

What are the layers surrounding the testes?

Answer 10

Tunica vaginalis - parietal and visceral

Question 11

What parts of the nervous system are responsible for erection and ejaculation?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic (Point) = erection

Sympathetic (Shoot) = ejaculation (well at least the emission part of ejaculation - the sympathetic causes closure of bladder neck, prostatic sections and seminal vesicle emptying, the expulsion part with the contraction of the bulbocavernosus muscle is both somatic and parasympathetic)

Question 12

What is Hart’s Line?

Answer 12

The demarcation about half way along the inner labia minora where squamous epithelium end and mucosal epithelium begin

Question 13

How long is the vagina?

Answer 13

6-9cm

Question 14

What is the usual cavity length of the uterus (from external os to fundus)

Answer 14

6.5cm

Question 15

How long are the fallopian tubes?

Answer 15

10cm

Question 16

What are the external dimensions of the uterus?

Answer 16

7.5cm height, 5cm breadth

Question 17

Which part of the female anatomy drains to the which nodes?

Answer 17

Aortic/lumbar nodes - ovary, tubes, fundus and upper uterine body
External iliac nodes - bladder, lower uterine body, cervix
Internal iliac nodes - cervix, lower rectum, upper anal canal
Sacral nodes (to internal iliac) - cervix, perineum, buttock and thigh
Deep inguinal nodes - upper vagina
Superficial inguinal nodes (to deep inguinal nodes) - external genitalia, lower vaginal canal, lower anal canal

Question 18

What do the external iliac, internal iliac and deep inguinal nodes drain into?

Answer 18

Common iliac nodes (that then drain into aortic/lumbar nodes)