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anatomy and phys II Flashcards

1
Q

Name the nucleui of the Hypothalamus

A 
Lateral nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Anterior nucleus
Posterior nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Preoptic nucleus
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2
Q

Lateral nucleus function

A

hunger

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3
Q

What stimulates the lateral nucleus?

A

Ghrelin

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4
Q

What does desctruction of the lateral nucleus lead to?

A

Anorexia, failure to thrive (infants)

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5
Q

Whats the function of the ventromedial nucleus ?

A

Satiety

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6
Q

What does injury to the ventromedial nucleus cause?

A

Hyperphagia

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7
Q

What stimulates the ventromedial nucleus?

A

leptin

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8
Q

anterior nucleus function

A

cooling, parasympethtic

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9
Q

posterior nucleus function

A

heating, sympathetic

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10
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus function

A

circadian rhythm

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11
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei function

A

supraoptic synthesizes ADH

paraventricular synthesizes oxytocin

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12
Q

Preoptic nucleus function

A

thermoregulation, sexual behaviour.

Releases GnRH.

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13
Q

What effect do prostaglandins have on the hypothalamus?

A

High amounts of prostaglandins will increase the anterior hypothalamus’s setpoint

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14
Q

The thalamus is the major relay for all ascending sensory information except what?

A

olfaction

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15
Q

What are the nuclei of the thalamus?

A 
Ventral posterolateral
Ventral posteromedial
Lateral geniculate
Medial geniculate
Ventral lateral nucleus
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16
Q

What goes through the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Spinothalamic and dorsal columns

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17
Q

What goes through the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Trigeminal and gustatory pathway

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18
Q

What goes through the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

CN II, optic chiasm, optic tract

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19
Q

What goes through the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

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20
Q

What goes through the ventral lateral nucleus? (what is the input from)

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia

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21
Q

What is thalamic syndrome?

A

Contralateral sensory loss, usually from a lacunar stroke

Resolution may lead to long term chronic pain on contralateral side with normal sensory exam

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22
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, mamillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, entorhinal cortex

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23
Q

Decreased activity of the mesortical system results in….

A

negative symtpoms

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24
Q

Increased activity of the mesolimbic system results in…

A

positive symptoms

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25
Decreased activity of the nigrostriatal pathway results in...
extrapyramidal symptoms
26
Decreased activity of the tuberoinfundibular pathway restults in...
Increased prolactin, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia
27
Output of the cerebellum?
Cerebelar cortex -> purkinje cells ->deep nuclei of cerebellum -> contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle
28
What information comes to the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle?
information from the contralateral cortex
29
What information comes to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar cortex?
ipsilateral proprioceptive information
30
Presentation of lateral lesion to cerebellum
affect voluntary movement of extremities - propensity to fall towards the injured side
31
Presentation of medial lesion to cerebellum
truncal ataxia (wide gait), nystagmus, head tilting. Bilateral motor deficits
32
Basal ganglia pathway at REST
GP internus and pars reticulata inhibit thalamus with GABA
33
Basal ganglia pathway to stimulate movement (direct pathway)
Cortex dumps glutamate on striatum -> activation Striatum dumps GABA on GP internus and pars reticulata so they stop inhibiting the thalamas The cortex also stimulates the pars compactia to further activate the striatum, using the D1 receptor
34
Basal ganglia pathway to inhibit movement (indirect pathway)
Cortex signals to striatum Striatum dumps GABA onto GP externus which stops inhibiting the subthalamic nucleus The subthalamic nucleus activates the GP internus which hholds back the thalamus to a greater degree SIDE path: -cortex stimulates pars compacta which inhibits the striatum via D2
35
Huntingtons is a problem with the ...
striatum
36
Hemiballism is a problem with the ...
subthalamic nucleus
37
Parkinson's is a problem with the ...
substantia nigra
38
Wilsions is a problem with the ...
GP & Striatum
39
Formula for Cerebral perfusion pressure
CPP = MAP - ICP
40
cerebral perfusion pressure is primarily driven by...
Pco2
41
At what point will CPP change in response to hypoxia?
When PO2 <50 mmHg
42
Where are the watershed zones in the brain?
Between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, and between the posterior and middle cerebral arteries
43
What does an infarct leading to decreased blood supply to the watershed areas of the brain result in?
Man in the barrel syndrome - proximal upper and lower extremity weakness
44
Where do the dural sinus's empty into?
internal jugular vein
45
AV malformation presenation
enlarges overtime and can cause headaches/seizures
46
Findings in an AV malformation
Commonly results in an enlarged vein of Galen
47
What do the lateral ventricles drain to?
The third ventricle via the right and left intraventricular foramina of Monro
48
What does the 3rd ventricle drain to?
4th ventricle via cerebral aquaduct of Sulvius
49
Where does the 4th ventricle drain to?
Subarachnoid space via the foramina of Luschka and magendia
50
Which cranial nerves exit above the pons?
I, II, III, IV
51
Which cranial nerves exit the pons?
V, VI, VII, VIII
52
Which cranial nerves are in the medulla?
IX, X, XI, XII
53
Which cranial nerve nuclei are medial?
III, IV, VI, XII
54
superior colliculi function
direct eye movements to stimuli
55
Inferior colliculi function
auditory
56
Which cranial nerve's nucleus is in the spinal cord?
XI
57
What travels through the optic canal?
CN II and the opthalmic artery
58
What travels through the superior orbital fossa?
CN III, IV, V (1) and 6
59
What travels through foramen rotundum?
V2
60
What travels through foramen ovale?
V3
61
What travels through the foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery
62
What travels through the internal auditory meatus?
CN VIII, CN VIII
63
What travels through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein
64
What travels through the hypoglossal canal?
CNXII
65
What travels through foramen magnum?
brain stem spinal root of CNXI Vertebral arteries
66
Red nucleus function
fine tunes movement
67
Treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
68
Gag reflex affarent and efferent
IX in, X out
69
Muscles that close the jaw?
Masseter, medial pterygoid and temporalis
70
Which muscle opens the jaw?
lateral pterygoid
71
innervation to the muscles of mastication?
trigeminal nerve (V3)
72
How many spinal nerves are there in each section?
``` cervical- 8 (with 7 vertebrae) Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccyx- 1 ```
73
Where does the spinal cord end in adults?
L1/L2
74
Where does the subarachnoid space end?
S2
75
Where does the spinal chord end in a child?
L2/L3
76
Does an epidural puncture the dura matter?
NO
77
How is the cortical spinal and spinothalamic tracts organized in comparison to the dorsal columns?
in the cortical spinal/spinal thalamic: legs are lateral | in the dorsal columns: arms are lateral
78
What is the fasiculus gracilis?
The dorsal columns that carries information from the lower body and legs
79
What is the fasciculus cuneatus?
The dorsal columns that carries information from the upper body and arms
80
Ascending dorsal columns pathway
1st order neuron enters spinal cord and ascends ipsilaterally Synapses in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus in the medulla with the 2nd order neuron 2nd order neuron decussates in medulla and ascends to the VPL in the thalamus Synapses with 3rd order neuron 3rd order neuron goes to cortex
81
Ascending spinothalamic tract pathway
1st order neuron enters spinal cord and synapses ipsilateral in the gray matter with 2nd order neuron 2nd order neuron decussates in spinal cord as anterior white commisure and ascends contralaterlly Synapses with 3rd order neuron in the thalamus 3rd order neuron goes to cortex
82
Descending path of the corticospinal tract
UMN 1st order neuron originates in motor cortex and descends ipsilaterally. Most fibers of the 1st order neuron decussate at the medulla and continue down the spinal cord. Synapses with LMN at the level that it leaves the spinal cord. LMN immediately leaves spinal cord and travels to neuromuscular junction.
83
Achilles reflex nerve roots
S1,S2
84
Patellar reflex nerve roots
L3,L4
85
Biceps reflex nerve roots
C5,C6
86
Triceps reflex nerve roots
C6,C7
87
cremasteric reflex nerve roots
L1,L2
88
Anal wink reflex nerve roots
S3,S4
89
What may cause primitive reflexes to remerge as an adult?
A frontal lobe lesion
90
Moro reflex
Abduct/extend arms when startled and then draw together and cry
91
Rooting reflex
movement of head towards one side if cheek or mouth is stroked
92
Sucking reflex
sucking response when roof of mouth is touched
93
Palmar reflex
curling of fingers if palm is stroked
94
Plantar reflex
dorsiflexion of large toe with plantar stimulation
95
Babinski sign
plantar reflex in adult - may significy UMN lesion
96
Galant reflex
stroking along the side of spine while newborn is in ventral suspension causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side

neurology (9 decks)

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