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neurology > anatomy and phys II > Flashcards

anatomy and phys II Flashcards

1
Q

Name the nucleui of the Hypothalamus

A 
Lateral nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Anterior nucleus
Posterior nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Preoptic nucleus
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2
Q

Lateral nucleus function

A

hunger

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3
Q

What stimulates the lateral nucleus?

A

Ghrelin

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4
Q

What does desctruction of the lateral nucleus lead to?

A

Anorexia, failure to thrive (infants)

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5
Q

Whats the function of the ventromedial nucleus ?

A

Satiety

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6
Q

What does injury to the ventromedial nucleus cause?

A

Hyperphagia

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7
Q

What stimulates the ventromedial nucleus?

A

leptin

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8
Q

anterior nucleus function

A

cooling, parasympethtic

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9
Q

posterior nucleus function

A

heating, sympathetic

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10
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus function

A

circadian rhythm

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11
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei function

A

supraoptic synthesizes ADH

paraventricular synthesizes oxytocin

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12
Q

Preoptic nucleus function

A

thermoregulation, sexual behaviour.

Releases GnRH.

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13
Q

What effect do prostaglandins have on the hypothalamus?

A

High amounts of prostaglandins will increase the anterior hypothalamus’s setpoint

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14
Q

The thalamus is the major relay for all ascending sensory information except what?

A

olfaction

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15
Q

What are the nuclei of the thalamus?

A 
Ventral posterolateral
Ventral posteromedial
Lateral geniculate
Medial geniculate
Ventral lateral nucleus
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16
Q

What goes through the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Spinothalamic and dorsal columns

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17
Q

What goes through the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Trigeminal and gustatory pathway

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18
Q

What goes through the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

CN II, optic chiasm, optic tract

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19
Q

What goes through the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

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20
Q

What goes through the ventral lateral nucleus? (what is the input from)

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia

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21
Q

What is thalamic syndrome?

A

Contralateral sensory loss, usually from a lacunar stroke

Resolution may lead to long term chronic pain on contralateral side with normal sensory exam

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22
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, mamillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, entorhinal cortex

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23
Q

Decreased activity of the mesortical system results in….

A

negative symtpoms

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24
Q

Increased activity of the mesolimbic system results in…

A

positive symptoms

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25
Q

Decreased activity of the nigrostriatal pathway results in…

A

extrapyramidal symptoms

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26
Q

Decreased activity of the tuberoinfundibular pathway restults in…

A

Increased prolactin, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia

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27
Q

Output of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebelar cortex -> purkinje cells ->deep nuclei of cerebellum -> contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

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28
Q

What information comes to the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

information from the contralateral cortex

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29
Q

What information comes to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar cortex?

A

ipsilateral proprioceptive information

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30
Q

Presentation of lateral lesion to cerebellum

A

affect voluntary movement of extremities - propensity to fall towards the injured side

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31
Q

Presentation of medial lesion to cerebellum

A

truncal ataxia (wide gait), nystagmus, head tilting. Bilateral motor deficits

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32
Q

Basal ganglia pathway at REST

A

GP internus and pars reticulata inhibit thalamus with GABA

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33
Q

Basal ganglia pathway to stimulate movement (direct pathway)

A

Cortex dumps glutamate on striatum -> activation
Striatum dumps GABA on GP internus and pars reticulata so they stop inhibiting the thalamas

The cortex also stimulates the pars compactia to further activate the striatum, using the D1 receptor

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34
Q

Basal ganglia pathway to inhibit movement (indirect pathway)

A

Cortex signals to striatum
Striatum dumps GABA onto GP externus which stops inhibiting the subthalamic nucleus
The subthalamic nucleus activates the GP internus which hholds back the thalamus to a greater degree

SIDE path:
-cortex stimulates pars compacta which inhibits the striatum via D2

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35
Q

Huntingtons is a problem with the …

A

striatum

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36
Q

Hemiballism is a problem with the …

A

subthalamic nucleus

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37
Q

Parkinson’s is a problem with the …

A

substantia nigra

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38
Q

Wilsions is a problem with the …

A

GP & Striatum

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39
Q

Formula for Cerebral perfusion pressure

A

CPP = MAP - ICP

40
Q

cerebral perfusion pressure is primarily driven by…

A

Pco2

41
Q

At what point will CPP change in response to hypoxia?

A

When PO2 <50 mmHg

42
Q

Where are the watershed zones in the brain?

A

Between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, and between the posterior and middle cerebral arteries

43
Q

What does an infarct leading to decreased blood supply to the watershed areas of the brain result in?

A

Man in the barrel syndrome - proximal upper and lower extremity weakness

44
Q

Where do the dural sinus’s empty into?

A

internal jugular vein

45
Q

AV malformation presenation

A

enlarges overtime and can cause headaches/seizures

46
Q

Findings in an AV malformation

A

Commonly results in an enlarged vein of Galen

47
Q

What do the lateral ventricles drain to?

A

The third ventricle via the right and left intraventricular foramina of Monro

48
Q

What does the 3rd ventricle drain to?

A

4th ventricle via cerebral aquaduct of Sulvius

49
Q

Where does the 4th ventricle drain to?

A

Subarachnoid space via the foramina of Luschka and magendia

50
Q

Which cranial nerves exit above the pons?

A

I, II, III, IV

51
Q

Which cranial nerves exit the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

52
Q

Which cranial nerves are in the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

53
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are medial?

A

III, IV, VI, XII

54
Q

superior colliculi function

A

direct eye movements to stimuli

55
Q

Inferior colliculi function

A

auditory

56
Q

Which cranial nerve’s nucleus is in the spinal cord?

A

XI

57
Q

What travels through the optic canal?

A

CN II and the opthalmic artery

58
Q

What travels through the superior orbital fossa?

A

CN III, IV, V (1) and 6

59
Q

What travels through foramen rotundum?

A

V2

60
Q

What travels through foramen ovale?

A

V3

61
Q

What travels through the foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

62
Q

What travels through the internal auditory meatus?

A

CN VIII, CN VIII

63
Q

What travels through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein

64
Q

What travels through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CNXII

65
Q

What travels through foramen magnum?

A

brain stem
spinal root of CNXI
Vertebral arteries

66
Q

Red nucleus function

A

fine tunes movement

67
Q

Treatment for trigeminal neuralgia

A

carbamazepine

68
Q

Gag reflex affarent and efferent

A

IX in, X out

69
Q

Muscles that close the jaw?

A

Masseter, medial pterygoid and temporalis

70
Q

Which muscle opens the jaw?

A

lateral pterygoid

71
Q

innervation to the muscles of mastication?

A

trigeminal nerve (V3)

72
Q

How many spinal nerves are there in each section?

A 
cervical- 8 (with 7 vertebrae)
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx- 1
73
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L1/L2

74
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

75
Q

Where does the spinal chord end in a child?

A

L2/L3

76
Q

Does an epidural puncture the dura matter?

A

NO

77
Q

How is the cortical spinal and spinothalamic tracts organized in comparison to the dorsal columns?

A

in the cortical spinal/spinal thalamic: legs are lateral

in the dorsal columns: arms are lateral

78
Q

What is the fasiculus gracilis?

A

The dorsal columns that carries information from the lower body and legs

79
Q

What is the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

The dorsal columns that carries information from the upper body and arms

80
Q

Ascending dorsal columns pathway

A

1st order neuron enters spinal cord and ascends ipsilaterally
Synapses in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus in the medulla with the 2nd order neuron
2nd order neuron decussates in medulla and ascends to the VPL in the thalamus
Synapses with 3rd order neuron
3rd order neuron goes to cortex

81
Q

Ascending spinothalamic tract pathway

A

1st order neuron enters spinal cord and synapses ipsilateral in the gray matter with 2nd order neuron
2nd order neuron decussates in spinal cord as anterior white commisure and ascends contralaterlly
Synapses with 3rd order neuron in the thalamus
3rd order neuron goes to cortex

82
Q

Descending path of the corticospinal tract

A

UMN 1st order neuron originates in motor cortex and descends ipsilaterally. Most fibers of the 1st order neuron decussate at the medulla and continue down the spinal cord.
Synapses with LMN at the level that it leaves the spinal cord.
LMN immediately leaves spinal cord and travels to neuromuscular junction.

83
Q

Achilles reflex nerve roots

A

S1,S2

84
Q

Patellar reflex nerve roots

A

L3,L4

85
Q

Biceps reflex nerve roots

A

C5,C6

86
Q

Triceps reflex nerve roots

A

C6,C7

87
Q

cremasteric reflex nerve roots

A

L1,L2

88
Q

Anal wink reflex nerve roots

A

S3,S4

89
Q

What may cause primitive reflexes to remerge as an adult?

A

A frontal lobe lesion

90
Q

Moro reflex

A

Abduct/extend arms when startled and then draw together and cry

91
Q

Rooting reflex

A

movement of head towards one side if cheek or mouth is stroked

92
Q

Sucking reflex

A

sucking response when roof of mouth is touched

93
Q

Palmar reflex

A

curling of fingers if palm is stroked

94
Q

Plantar reflex

A

dorsiflexion of large toe with plantar stimulation

95
Q

Babinski sign

A

plantar reflex in adult - may significy UMN lesion

96
Q

Galant reflex

A

stroking along the side of spine while newborn is in ventral suspension causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side

neurology (9 decks)

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