anatomy and phys

Question 1

What is the remnant of the notochord?

Answer 1

Nucleus pulposus

Question 2

Telencephalon gives rise to what?

Answer 2

Cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia

Question 3

Diencephalon gives rise to what?

Answer 3

Thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 4

Mesencephalon gives rise to what?

Answer 4

Midrain

Question 5

Metencephalon gives rise to what?

Answer 5

Pons and cerebellow

Question 6

Myelencephalon gives rise to what?

Answer 6

Medulla

Question 7

When does the neural tube fuse?

Answer 7

4th week (28 day)

Question 8

What is failure of the neural tube to close associated with?

Answer 8

Folate deficiency and maternal diabetes

Question 9

What will be elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum with neural tube defects?

Answer 9

Increased alpha-fetoprotein (exception: spinal bifida occulta)

Question 10

What is the confirmatory test for neural tube defects?

Answer 10

AchE elevations in amniotic fluid

Question 11

Spina bifida occulta cause and presenation

Answer 11

Failure of caudale neuropore to close - results in bony defect but intact dura and no herniation.
May have tuft or dimple at level of defect

Question 12

Meningocele path

Answer 12

Meninges (but no neural tissue) herniate through defect

Question 13

Myelomeningocele

Answer 13

Meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect

Question 14

Myeloschisis

Answer 14

exposed, unfused neural tissue WITHOUT skin/meningeal covering

Question 15

Anencephaly

Answer 15

Failure of rostral neuropore to clsoe –>no forebrain and open calvarium

Question 16

Clinical findings of anencephaly

Answer 16

Polyhydramnios (no swalling center in brain results in fluid build up)

Question 17

What is holoprosecephaly?

Answer 17

Failure of embryonic forebrain to separate into two cerebral hemispheres that occurs in week 5-6

Question 18

Mutations in what may cause holoprosencephaly?

Answer 18

Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

Question 19

Moderate form of holoprosecephaly is associated with what?

Answer 19

Cleft lip/palate

Question 20

Severe form of holoprosecephaly is associated with what?

Answer 20

Cyclopia

Question 21

What syndromes may result in someone having holoprosecephaly??

Answer 21

Trisomy 13, fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 22

MRI findings of holoprosecephaly

Answer 22

Monoventricle and fusion of basal ganglia

Question 23

What is lissencephaly?

Answer 23

A smooth brain, caused by failure of neuron migration results in a lack of gyri and sulci

Question 24

What is encephalocele?

Answer 24

Hernation of brain/meninges through skull defect, commonly through occipital bone

Question 25

What is a chiara I malformation?

Answer 25

ectopia of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum | CONGENITAL

Question 26

Presentation of chiara I?

Answer 26

asymptomatic in childhood but presents in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms

Question 27

What is chiari I associated with?

Answer 27

syringomyelia

Question 28

What is chiari II malformation?

Answer 28

hernation of cerebellar tonsils AND vermis thorugh foramen magnum with aquaductal stenosis resulting in noncommuniating hydrocephalus

Question 29

What is chiari II malformation associated with?

Answer 29

myelomeningocele

Question 30

Presentation of myelomeningocele?

Answer 30

Paralysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion

Question 31

How does Chiari II malformation present?

Answer 31

progressive hydrocephalus and respiratory distress

Question 32

What is syringomyelia?

Answer 32

Cystic cavity within central canal of spinal cord that effects the fibers crossing in the anterior white commisure

Question 33

Presentation of syringomyelia

Answer 33

bilateral symmetrical loss of pain and temp in upper extremities -fine touch preserved

Question 34

What crosses over in the anterior commisure?

Answer 34

lateral spinothalamic tract

Question 35

What is syringomyelia associated wtih?

Answer 35

Chiari I

Question 36

What are aquired causes of syringomyelia?

Answer 36

Trauma and tumours

Question 37

What is the dandy-walker malformation?

Answer 37

agenesis of cerebellar vermis leading to cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle

Question 38

what is dandy-walker malformation associated with?

Answer 38

Non-communicating hydrocephalus and spina bifida

Question 39

What are the posterior fossa malformations?

Answer 39

Chiari I, Chiari II and Dandy-Walker malformation

Question 40

Which pharyngeal arches give rist to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Answer 40

1st and 2nd

Question 41

Sensation of anterior tongue?

Answer 41

CN V3

Question 42

Taste of anterior tongue?

Answer 42

CN VII

Question 43

Which pharnygeal arches give rise to the posterior tongue?

Answer 43

3 and 4

Question 44

Sensation and taste of posterior tongue?

Answer 44

CN IX

Question 45

Motor innervation to tongue?

Answer 45

CN XII

Question 46

Which nerve innervates palatoglossus?

Answer 46

CN X

Question 47

Astrocyte marker?

Answer 47

GFAP

Question 48

Origin of microglia?

Answer 48

Mesoderm

Question 49

Which type of cell is injured in GBS?

Answer 49

Schwann cells

Question 50

Which type of cell is injured in MS?

Answer 50

oligodendrocytes

Question 51

What do free nerve endings relay?

Answer 51

Pain, temp

Question 52

What do Meissner corpuscles relay?

Answer 52

Fine/light touch and position tense in glabrous skin

Question 53

Who do pacinian corpuscles relay?

Answer 53

vibration and pressure from deep skin layers, ligaments and joints

Question 54

What do merkel discs relay?

Answer 54

Pressure, deep static touch, position sense of finger tips and superficial skin

Question 55

What do ruffini corpuscles relay?

Answer 55

pressure, slippage, joint angle tange, in finger tips and joints

Question 56

What is chromatolysis?

Answer 56

reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury

Question 57

What changes may be seen in chromatolysis?

Answer 57

Increase protein synthesis causes: Round cellular swelling Displacement of nucleus to periphery Dispersion of nissl substances throughout cytoplasm

Question 58

What is Wallerian degeneration?

Answer 58

Disintegration of the axon distal to site of injury - macrophages remove debrise. Axon retracts proximally to the injury and cell body sprouts new protrustions.

Question 59

Where are the most sensitive neurons found (most sensitive to ischemia)?

Answer 59

Hippocampus Purkini cells Neocortex Striatum

Question 60

Acetylcholine production location

Answer 60

Basal nucleus of meynert

Question 61

Dopamine production location

Answer 61

Ventral tegmentum and SNc

Question 62

GABA producation lcoation

Answer 62

nucleus accumbens

Question 63

NE production location

Answer 63

locus cereus (pons)

Question 64

Serotonin location production

Answer 64

Raphe nucleus (medulla)

Question 65

Glutamate is made into GABA via which enzyme?

Answer 65

glutamate decarboxylase

Question 66

GABA is broken down via which enzyme?

Answer 66

GABA transaminase

Question 67

What is the dura matter derived from?

Answer 67

mesoderm

Question 68

What is the arachnoid matter derived from?

Answer 68

neural crest

Question 69

What is the pia matter derived from?

Answer 69

neural crest

Question 70

What are the circumventricular organs?

Answer 70

``` They are sites in the CNS with fenestrated capillaries and no-blood brain barrier, they include: Area postrema OVLT SUbfumical organ Mediance eminence of hypothalamus ```

Question 71

Area postrema function

Answer 71

Chemoreceptor trigger zone-sends signals to vomiting center. Responsible for vomiting after chemotherapy.

Question 72

OVLT function?

Answer 72

osmoreceptors present here -measure blood

Question 73

Median eminense of hypothalamus function

Answer 73

Release of hormones into vascular system to pituitary

Question 74

Explain how vomiting occurs neurologically

Answer 74

Vomiting is coordinated by the nucleus tractus solitarius which receives signals from many areas, including the chemoreceptor trigger zone, GI tract, vestibular system and CNS

Question 75

Which receptors play a role in chemotherapy-induced vomiting?

Answer 75

5HT3, D2, NK1

Question 76

Which receptors play a role in motion sickness?

Answer 76

H1 and M1

Question 77

Which repcetors play a role in hyperemesis gravidarum?

Answer 77

H1

Question 78

What part of the brain regualtes sleep?

Answer 78

SCN

Question 79

Explain how the SCN controls sleep

Answer 79

SCN --> NE release --> pineal gland -> increased melatonin

Question 80

What regulate the SCN?

Answer 80

The environment (light)

Question 81

Which substances decrease REM sleep?

Answer 81

Alcohol, benzo's and barbituates (also decrease delta), and NE

Question 82

How are benzo's useful for sleep problems?

Answer 82

They are used for night terrors and sleepwalking because they decrease N3 and REM sleep

Question 83

ECG waveform while you are awake?

Answer 83

Beta

Question 84

ECG waveform of - awake eyes closed

Answer 84

alpha

Question 85

ECG waveform of stage N1 (light sleep)?

Answer 85

theta

Question 86

ECG waveforms of stage N2 sleep?

Answer 86

sleep spindles and K complexes

Question 87

ECG waveform of stage N3 sleep?

Answer 87

delta

Question 88

ECG waveform of REM sleep?

Answer 88

Beta

Question 89

During which stage does bruxism occur?

Answer 89

N2

Question 90

During which stage does sleepwalking, night terrors and bedwetting occur?

Answer 90

N3

Question 91

During which stage does daydreaming, nightmares and penile/clitoral tumenescence occur?

Answer 91

REM

Question 92

During which stage do extraocular movements occur?

Answer 92

REM

Question 93

Changes in sleep of the eldery?

Answer 93

Decreased REM, increased REM latency, decreased N3

Question 94

Changes in sleep of depressed persons?

Answer 94

Increased REM, decreased REM latency, decreased N3, repeated nighttime awakenings, early morning awakenings