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EP > Anatomy and movement analysis > Flashcards

Anatomy and movement analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton (5)

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Blood production
Mineral storage
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2
Q

Two skeletons

A

Axial skeleton - vertebral column, rib cage and cranium which provide support for:

Appendicular skeleton- shoulder, hip girdle, arms and legs

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3
Q

Five types of bone

A 
Long 
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
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4
Q

Long bones

A

Cylindrical shape, in limbs act as levers

E.g fémur, radius,, tibia, fibula

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Compact shape. Weight bearing.

E.g tarsals, carpals, phalanges

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shape for protection and multiple muscle attachments.

E.g vertebrae

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7
Q

Flat bones

A

Smooth even surface to protect vital organs

E.g ribs, cranium

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small oval within tendons to prevent injury

E.g patella

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9
Q

3 types of soft tissue

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage

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10
Q

What are ligaments

A

Strong fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone. Stabilises joint to allow specific movements.

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11
Q

What are tendons

A

Strong elastic tissue made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone. Transmita force to cause movements.

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12
Q

What is cartilage

A

Firm, resilient matrix of connective tissue with no blood supply.

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13
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Yellow elastic cartilage- pliable, flexible (ears, nose)

White fibrocartilage - tough, thick tissue acting as shock absorber (knee meniscus and invertebral column)

Articular (hyaline) cartilage- surrounds surface of articulating bones to prevent friction at joint. Exercise thickens articular cartilage.

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14
Q

3 types of joint

A

Fibrous (fixed) - very stable, not allow movement (cranium)

Cartilaginous - rigid but slightly movable (vertebrae)

Synovial - allow wide range of movement (knee, shoulder, elbow)

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15
Q

Types of synovial joint

A
  • Hinge- uniaxial structure- movement back and forwards (elbow)
  • Pivot- uniaxial- rotation (atlas and axis in neck)
  • Ellipsoid/Condyloid - biaxial - back and forth and side to side (wrist)
  • gliding - biaxial - (tarsals (thumb))
  • saddle - biaxial - (thumb)
  • ball and socket - triaxial structure - side to side, forwards and back and rotation (shoulder, hip)
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16
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement
Support
Posture (muscle tone)
Heat production

17
Q

Origin, insertion points

A

Origin is the end of the muscle that attach to fixed bone.

Insertion point is the other end which pulls on a different bone to cause movement.

18
Q

Muscle pairs

A

Agonist = muscle that contracts to allow movement.

Antagonist = muscle that relaxes to allow movement.

Synergist = muscle that aids agonist

Fixators = muscles that stabilise joint in movement

19
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A

Concentric isotonic - muscle shortens under tension.

Eccentric contraction - muscle lengthens under tension. Generally when movement is down/body is fighting gravity.

Isometric contraction - muscle remains same length. Stationary.

20
Q

Planes and axis pairs and corresponding movements

A

Frontal plane + frontal axis - abduction/adduction

Sagittal plane + transverse axis - flexión/extension

Transverse plane + Longitudinal axis - horizontal abduction/adduction

21
Q

Levers

A

Produce a turning movement around a fixed point.

1,2,3 F,L,E

22
Q

1st class levers

A

Fulcrum in middle

Good for producing speed

23
Q

2nd class levers

A

Resistance in the middle

Generate great force

24
Q

3rd class levers

A

Effort in middle

Producing a wide range of movement

25
Q

Mechanical efficiency

A

RA bigger than EA = advantage in range of movement but disadvantage in strength.

EA bigger than RA = advantage in strength but only has small range of movement.

26
Q

Factors affecting stability

A

1) height of centre of mass
2) position of line of gravity
3) area of base of support
4) mass of a performer

27
Q

What is centre of mass

A

The point of balance within a body. Hard to locate in humans(irregular). In sport body is always moving so COM is constantly changing.

High COM ⬇️ stability

28
Q

What is Line of gravity

A

Imaginary line extending vertically down from COM.

Stability ⬆️ if line of gravity is kept central over base of support.

29
Q

What is base of support

A

It is determined by the number of contact points.

The larger the area of the base of support the ore stable the position.

30
Q

What is inertia

A

The resistance of a body to change its state of motion.

As soon as a body overcomes inertia it has momentum.

31
Q

What is momentum

A

The amount of motion a body possesses.

32
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

Known as law of inertia.

33
Q

Newton’s 2nd law

A

The acceleration of an object or body of constant mass is directly proportional to the force acting on it.

Force= mass x acceleration

Known as the law of acceleration.

34
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Known as the law of reaction.

Most common application is a persons body weight causes a ground reaction force.

35
Q

Momentum

A

The amount of motion a body possesses.

=mass x velocity

36
Q

Impulse

A

The length of time a force is applied to an object.

=force x time

It is equal to change in momentum.

37
Q

Impact

A

A high force or shock applied over a short time period when two bodies collide.

It is a short and forceful impulse.

A larger force over a shorter time has a greater effect in sport.

38
Q

Impulse during a sprint race

A

1) driving off the blocks = positive impulse
2) accelerating over the first 10m = net positive impulse
3) mid-race constant velocity = zero impulse
4) decelerating over finish line = net negative impulse

EP (10 decks)

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