Anatomy and histology of the urinary system

Question 1

5 functions of the urinary system

Answer 1

remove metabolic waste by filtration and excretion
Regulate plasma electrolytes and bp via renin angiotensin mechanism
help to stabilise pH
reabsorption of small molecules - amino acids, glucose, peptides
produce erythropoietin

Question 2

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 2

stimulate RBC production by bone marrow

Question 3

Are the kidneys retroperitoneal?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

Vertebrae level of kidneys

Answer 4

T12-L3

Question 5

List some posterior relations of the kidney - nerves +rib

Answer 5

12th rib

subcostal, ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves

Question 6

What composes a renal lobe?

Answer 6

cortex and pyramid

Question 7

Ureter arterial supply

Answer 7

renal, ovarian and testicular, abdominal aorta

Question 8

Ureter venous drainage

Answer 8

drain into renal and ovarian/testicular veins

Question 9

A way to remember the anterior to posterior relations of hilar structures of the kidney

Answer 9

VAP

vein, artery, pelvis of ureter

Question 10

Where does the renal artery branch from?

Answer 10

abdominal aorta

Question 11

segmental artieries of the kidney

Answer 11

interlobar
arcuate
interlobular

Question 12

How many branches of the renal arteries for segmental arteries?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

Do the segmental branches anastamose?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

Where do the renal veins drain?

Answer 14

IVC

Question 15

Lymph drainage of kidneys

Answer 15

lateral aortic LN

Question 16

Nerve supply to the kidneys is via what?

Answer 16

renal plexus
sympathetic = T10-L1
sensory afferent = T11-L2

Question 17

What makes up the trigone?

Answer 17

2 ureteric orifices

1 internal urethral orifice

Question 18

Why are male and female bladders peritonised differently?

Answer 18

presence of uterus

Question 19

Describe the female urethra

Answer 19

very short

Question 20

Name the 4 parts of the male urethra

Answer 20

intramural/preprostatic
prostatic
intermediate/membranous
penile/spongy

Question 21

Length of male urethra

Answer 21

18-20cm

Question 22

widest part of male urethra

Answer 22

prostatic

Question 23

Narrowest part of male urethra

Answer 23

intermediate

Question 24

Longest part of male urethra

Answer 24

spongy penile part

Question 25

How is the internal urethral sphincter controlled?

Answer 25

smooth muscle via ANS

Question 26

How is the external urethral sphincter controlled?

Answer 26

skeletal muscle via voluntary control

Question 27

Arterial supply of bladder

Answer 27

branches of internal iliac artery

Question 28

Venous drainage of bladder

Answer 28

drains to internal iliac veins

Question 29

Lymph drainage of bladder

Answer 29

external and internal iliac LN

Question 30

Sympathetic control of bladder | level and function

Answer 30

T11-L2 | constrict internal sphincter

Question 31

Parasympathetic control of bladder | level and function

Answer 31

S2-4 | motor to detrusor muscle

Question 32

What is the sensory/afferent supply to bladder via?

Answer 32

parasympathetic fibres

Question 33

Somatic supply of bladder nerve and function

Answer 33

pudendal | external sphincter

Question 34

What does the prostatic urethra receive?

Answer 34

ejaculatory duct

Question 35

What is micturition?

Answer 35

urination

Question 36

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 36

nephron

Question 37

What comprises the uriniferous tubule?

Answer 37

nephron and collecting duct

Question 38

What comprises the nephron?

Answer 38

renal corpuscle and renal tubules eg PCT, DCT, loop of henle

Question 39

What comprises the renal corpuscle?

Answer 39

bowmans capsule and glomerulus

Question 40

Epithelium of ureter and bladder

Answer 40

transitional

Question 41

Difference in smooth muscle layers in bladder and ureter

Answer 41

bladder has additional middle circular layer

Question 42

List some clinical relevance pathologies of urinary system

Answer 42

``` UTI glomerulonephritis renal calculi renal failure and dialysis urinary incontinence ```

Question 43

What are 2 ways to indicate kidney disease?

Answer 43

proteinuria | GFR

Question 44

List some common developmental abnormalities

Answer 44

``` aberrant renal arteries duplicated ureter horse shoe kidney pelvic kidney unilateral double kidney ```