Anatomy and Histology Flashcards
Name the 3 types of connective tissue
Soft, Hard, Blood/Lymph
What is soft connective tissue?
makes up
- tendons,
- ligaments,
- mesentery,
- stroma of organs,
- dermis of skin
Define hard connective tissue
makes up bone and cartilage
Name the three types of cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
What is cortical bone?
dense bone, makes up shaft
what is cancellous or trabecular bone
occupies end of the bone looks like a Aero
name the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
define smooth muscle
- no striations - involuntary (not under conscious control) - visceral (found in organs) -cigar shaped nucleus
skeletal muscle
- voluntary -striated - nuclei of fibres are elongated
Define cardiac muscle
- striated -short fibres - nucleus located in the centre
nervous tissue
- consists of neurons and their supporting cells
Name the two types of connective nervous tissue
- meninges (CNS)
- epineurium (pns)
what is the basal lamina
a layer of extracellular matrix components to which cells attached
define covering epithelia
surface epithelia cover or line surface, cavities and tubes eg: lining of the inner eyelid - Presence of goblet cells
define glandular epithelia
produces secretory products such as sweat, milk, mucus, hormones etc
define endocrine glands
product secreted towards the basal lamina
define exocrine glands
product secreted towards the apical end of the cell
HOW DO WE GET NUTRIENTS INTO OUR BLOOD?
- Via the Gastrointenstinal system
- (Large molecules are digested into smaller*
- molecules which can then absorbed into the veins*
- (and lymphatic vessels)*
- of the small intestine)*
Where does the venous blood from the GI tract drain too?
The liver
How does the liver process nutrients?
- stores some nutrients,
- makes other products from them
- returns them into the venous system
What side of the heart pumps venous blood
THE RIGHT SIDE
What side of the heart pumps Arterial blood
The LEFT
What is the thoracic duct?
- major lymphatic vessel in the body
- returns lymph to large veins in the root of the neck
Define endochondral ossification
process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bones
Which part of the bone contains marrow?
- Medullary cavity
What is the periosteum?
- a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
Name the 3 cranial fossae…
- anterior cranial fossa
- middle cranial fossa
- posterior cranial fossa
what is the intervertebral foramen?
An opening between vertebrae through which nerves leave the spine and extend to other parts of the body.
What is Systemic Circulation?
- from left side of heart
- to capillary beds of organs and tissues
- back to right side of heart
What is Pulmonary Circulation?
- from right side of heart
- to lungs
- back to left side of heart
What is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium?
- Protective layer
- Prevents overfilling
What happens if the pericardial cavity fills with blood?
- The increased pressure can prevent cardiac contraction (cardiac tamponade)
What is the serous pericardium?
- secretes serous fluid
- Provides a frictionless environment
Name the external tissue of the Heart
EPICARDIUM
a thin external layer (mesothelium) formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium.
Name the middle layer of the heart
Myocardium, a thick, helical middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.
Name the internal tissue of the Heart
Endocardium a thin internal layer (endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue) or lining membrane of the heart that also covers its valves.
Where is the tricuspid valve located
between right atrium and right ventricle
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve located?
between left atrium and left ventricle
Where is the aortic valve located?
What makes STRIATIONS appear striped?
- striped look in skeletal muscle is due to overlapping actin and myosin.
what is an aponeurosis?
- a flattened tendon
What can a skeletal muscle do?
during contraction the muscle fibres can shorten along the long axis(es) between the origin & insertion
- List in the correct order the names of the parts of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
- Nasal cavities
- Oral cavity
- pharynx (throat)
- larynx (voice box)
- Lobar Bronchi
- Segmental Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Define the upper respiratory tract and state the vertebral level at which it becomes the lower respiratory tract?
- at the level of C6 vertebra the larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus
Define the lower respiratory tract (respiratory or bronchial tree)
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
how many bronchopulmonary segments is there all together?
10
- what is meant by the term “mucociliary escalator”.
Mucous glands secrete mucous onto the respiratory epithelium
- Cillia sweep the mucous along with any foreign bodies trapped in it up towards the pharynx, to be swallowed
- This is called the mucociliary escalator.
Why do we cough in a cold morning?
Because cooling and drying out of the cillia is harmful
What are the main requirements for
adequate diffusion of respiratory
gases at the level of the alveolar wall
- unctioning lung tssue
- Sufficient 02 in the air that we breathe
- Minimal thickness in the walls of the alveoli
- Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around the alveolar sacs
Describe the basic anatomy of the rima glottidis and the vocal cords
The rima glottidis is the narrowest part of the larynx
- Large foreign bodies tend to block the URT at the rima glottidis
- The vocal cords can approximate in the midline, closing the rima glottidis & preventing a foreign body being inhaled into the trachea
What are the nasal conchae
They increase the surface area of these cavities, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.
Name the 3 layers of the Uterus
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
What is the vas deferens?
The duct which conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.
What is the function of the Dartos Muscle
helps to control temp (involuntary)
What is WALDYERS RING
- Tonsillar ring is an anatomical term
collectively describing the annular
arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.
2 bones cotributing to the nasal septum
Ethmoid and vomer
Name the 3 major salviary glands
- Parotid glands (near the ear)
- Submandibular glands (“under” the mandible)
- Sublingual glands (“under” the tongue)
What is the buccinator
- Cheek Muscle
- Positions food in the oral cavity
-
How many teet does an adult have
32
How would a fracture of the madible or maxilla be diagosed
- Ask patiend how theyre occlusion feels (bite feels)
Name the muscles of mastication
- masseter
- temporalis
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid
What is the function of the articular tubercle of the jaw
Prevents TMJS from dislocating
Name the three parts of the small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
What layers make up the the walls of the intestines
- lumen
- mucosa
- inner circularly arranged smooth muscle
- outer longitudinal arranged smooth muscle
Type of mucosa in the oral cavity
Stratified squamous epitehlium - Protective mucosa
What kind of mucosa is found in the stomach
Secretory
What tyoe of mucosa line the large and small intestines?
ABSORPTIVE
Name the pelvic organs
- Rectum
- Anal Canal
- Anus
Define intraperitoneal and give an example
Almost completely covered wiht the visceral peritoneum
eg: the liver
But as it is not completely covered it cannot be regarded as being ‘in’ the peritoneum
Define retroperitoneal and give an example
located in the retroperitoneum
- THE PANCREAS AND KIDNEYS
Describe an organ with a mesentery
covered in visceral peritoneum and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery
- EG: the intestines
Describe peritonitis
occurs when blood, pus or bowel contents get inside the peritoneal cavity case severe and painful inflammaion of the peritoneum
Desribe the procces of First Pass Metabolism
The hepatic portal vein drains the blood for the foregut, midgut and hindgut to the liver
what is the role of the Splenic Vein
Drains he blood from the foregut to the hepatic portal vein
Where does the PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM and SYSTEMIC VENOUS SYSTEM meet ?
THE LIVER
- The hepatic portal vein carries venous blood from the portal venous system to the liver
- The liver then passes the blood the the inferior vena cava via he hepatic veins to return to the heart
name the 3 GI sphincters?
- Cricopharyngeal sphincter
- Pyloric Sphincter
- External Anal Sphincter
What occurs when there is an Obstruction in the GI tract?
The bodys response is increased peristalsis proximal o the site of obstruction
- As peristalsis comes in waves, a patient with a GI tract obstruction tends to experience pain that “comes and goes”
- This is called “colicky pain”
What are bundles of axons called in the PNS?
Nerves
What are nerve cell bodies called in the PNS
Ganglion
Explain how a synapse functions
- Gaps between two neurones which allow communication
- Electrical Signal transforms
> Chemical Signal (neurotransmitter)
- Then back to an electrical signal
Define CN I and state its foraminae
- The olfactory nerve
- Sensory
- Sense of smell
- Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid bone
Define CN II and state its foraminae
The optic nerve
- Sensory
- Vision
- Optical Canal
Define CN III and state its foraminae
The oculomotor nerve
- Motor
- Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.
- Super Orbital Fissure
Define CN IV and state its foraminae
Trochlear Nerve
Motor
Eye Movemets and Proprioception
- Superior Orpital Fissure
Define CN V and state its foraminae
Trigeminal Nerve
Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.
Foramen Ovale & Foramen Rotundum
Define CN VI and state its foraminae
Abducent Nerve
Produce movements of the eyes
superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone
Define CN VII and state its foraminae
FACIAL NERVE
Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Define CN VIII and state its foraminae
Vestibulocochlear
Balance and hearing
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Define CN IX and state its foraminae
Glossopharyngeal
Taste and Swallowing
- JUGULAR FORAMEN
Define CN X and state its foraminae
Vagus
Speach, Swallowing, smooth muscle
Jugular foramen
Define CN XI and state its foraminae
Spinal Acessory Nerve
Moving head and shoulder
Jugular Foramen
Define CN XiI and state its foraminae
Hypoglossal Nerve
Tongue Movements
Hypoglossal Canal
At what level does the spinal cord end
L1/ L2 - Conus medullaris
Where is C8 spinal nerve loacted
Between C7 and T1 vertebrae
What is a Dermatomes?
- Area/Strip of skin supplied by both the anterio and posterior rami of a spinal nerve
What is a plexus?
A nertwork of intertwined anterior RAMI.
ONLY POSSIBLE WITH ANTERIOR RAMI
Describe the brachial plexus
- C5-T1 anterior rami
- Upper limb
Results in the five named nerves:
- axillary nerve
- median nerve
- musculocutaneous nerve
- radial nerve
- ulnar nerve
Haematoxylin
a basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules and stains them purplish blue – for example the nucleus (remember what the A stands for in DNA) or ribosomes.
Eosin
an acidic dye that has an
affinity for basic molecules
and stains them pinkish red.
Most proteins in the cytoplasm
are basic and so the cytoplasm
of a cell is usually stained
pink or red.
Explain how endocrine secretion may go wrong.
Define Hyper- and hypo-secretion
a tumour may be:
> functioning - too much hormone secreted
> non-functioning – tumour destroys gland & too little hormone secreted
hyper-secretion of a hormone (too much)
hypo-secretion of a hormone (too little)
Name the endocrine glands found in the head..
1) the Hypothalmus
2) The Pituitary Gland
Endocrine glands of the neck
- 4 parathyroid galnds
and
The Thyroid Gland
Endocrine glands of the abdomen
2 adrenal glands
PANCREAS
What is the DIENCEPHALON
Thalmus + hypothlamus
what is the infundibulum
the pituitary stalk
Connects the hypothalmus and the pituitary gland
Name and explain 2 thyroid hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thryroxine (T4)\
Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism & stimulate growth
What is special about the pancreas as an endocrine gland
it is not under the control of the pituitary gland
How many spinal nerves is there?
there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical,
12 thoracic,
5 lumbar,
5 sacral
and 1 coccygeal.
What is special about Cranial Nerve II
It is NOT part of the PNS
Name the 5 bones that make up the base of the skull..
ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, paired frontal, and paired temporal bones
Where is the T4 dermatome located
The male nipple
Where is the T10 deramtome located
The umbillicus
NAME THE PLEXUS
C1- C4 anterior rami
Responsible for posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm
Cervical Plexus
NAME THE PLEXUS
C5 - T1 anterior rami
- Upper Limb
Brachial plexus
NAME THE PLEXUS
L1-L4 anterior rami
Lower Limb
Lumbar Plexus
L5 - S4 anterior rami
lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
Sacral Plexus
What is jugular foramen syndrome?
Pathology in the jugular foramen could injure CNs IX , X and XI.
- Possible lack of taste, problems with voice, issues with movement of head and shoulders
How do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?
Via III ( oculomotor) , VII (facial nerve) , IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) & X (vagus) and via sacral spinal nerves
Which segement of the spinal cord has Lateral Horns (to do with sympathetic neurones)
T1 –> L2
Define the primary somatosensory cortex
The parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory area
- sensory AP’s arrive here from RIGHT side of body wall
- sensations brought into consciousness
What is sympathrtic tone of an artery
- Arterioles are most often slightly narrowed compared to their maximum internal diameter
- background level of constriction in normal condtions
- due to continous conduction of of action potentials
Describe the circle of Willis?
What is the carotid sinus?
It is the most proximal (usually dilated) part of the internal carotid artery
• it is located at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What is an anastomoses
The arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
What is a haematuria
blood in the urine
Define detrusor
DETRUSOR is smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder which contracts and allows us to urinate
Describe the structure of the upper respiratory tract
Posteriorly
What are the main threats to the respiratory track?
- Cooling and drying out of the mucosa, damaging the the musciloratory escalator and risking INFECTION
- Inhaling forgeing bodies bacteria/ viruses can cause infection
What is the purpose of the obiculais oris
produces an anterior oral seal that prevents dribbling during chewing & swallowing
The tongue has dorsum of the tongue carries 4 different types of papilla
NAME THEM :P
foliate papillae,
vallate papillae &
fungiform papillae
(taste buds)
filiform papillae
(touch and temp. etc.)
Where is the common ground between the resp. tract and upper GI tract.?
oropharynx & laryngopharynx
What is parathyroid hormone (PTH) and what does it do?
- controls calcium levels in the blood and bone
- made and secreted by the 4 parathyroid glands and is not under the control of the pituitary gland
