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GI > Anatomy and function of the rumen and stomach > Flashcards

Anatomy and function of the rumen and stomach Flashcards

1
Q

How does the oesophagus reach the stomach?

A
  • Runs dorsal to the trachea and slightly on the LHS
  • Then travels through the mediastinum and through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
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2
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter?

A

Between the oesophagus and stomach

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3
Q

Rugae

A

Folds on the surface of the stomach that allow for stomach expansion and increase the surface area

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4
Q

In which species is a significant proportion of the stomach non-glandular?

A

Horse

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5
Q

What is the name of the main artery supplying the stomach?

A

Coeliac artery

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6
Q

Venous drainage of the stomach

A

Via the hepatic portal vein

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7
Q

What type of epithelium covers non-glandular stomach regions?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (like the oral vavity and oesophagus)

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is found in glandular stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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9
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Corpus
  • Pylorus
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10
Q

What does the enteric nervous system control?

A
  • Motility
  • Exocrine and endocrine secretions
  • Microcirculation of the GI tract
  • Regulating immune and inflammatory processes
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11
Q

Describe the pathway taken by ingesta through the forestomachs of ruminants

A
  1. Rumen (fermentation vet)
  2. Reticulum (part of rumen)
  3. Omasum (for water absorption)
  4. Abomasum (“true” stomach, analogous to the stomach of monogastrics)
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12
Q

What are ruminal papillae?

A
  • Leaf-like projections from the rumen wall
  • They increase the surface area for flora and absorption, allow for attachment of bacteria
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13
Q

Describe how the size of ruminal papillae changes and what this could indicate

A
  • Size of papillae indicates quality of diet
  • High quality, high roughage, correct pH = large and well-developed papillae
  • They are poorly developed in the roof of the dorsal sac because this is where gas sits; well developed elsewhere as they are responsive to fibre in the immediate local vicinity
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14
Q

Feeding a high concentrate diet will have what effect on ruminal papillae?

A

High concentrate diet = reduction in papillae size

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15
Q

What is shown here?

A

Ruminal papillae

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16
Q

Describe the surface of the reticulum

A
  • Hexagonal/polygonal shapes with smaller ridges inside
  • These help catch stones, gravel and baler twine
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17
Q

What is shown here?

A

The reticulated surface of the reticulum

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18
Q

Describe the surface of the omasum

A
  • Covered in laminae-like leaves, hanging curtains called conical papillae
  • They are in distinct size groups
  • Regular biphasic contractions squeeze material into the recesses, then a general contraction progresses fluid forward
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19
Q

What is shown here?

A

The conical papillae of the omasum.

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20
Q

What type of epithelium covers the abomasum?

A

Columnar epithelium

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21
Q

What is the pH of the abomasum?

A

pH 3-4

(It is diluted by large volumes of fluid from the forestomachs)

22
Q

Recognise how the development of ruminal papillae in the rumen is related to diet

A
  • Ruminal papillae vary in size and shape depending on age, diet and location
  • High concentrations of VFAs (esp. butyric acid) promote growth, as does fibre
  • The papillae take time to adapt to dietary changes
23
Q

Describe the reticular groove reflex

A
  • When stimulated by the vagus nerve, the groove contracts to form a closed tube
  • This reflex is stimulated by suckling/pharyngeal stimulation and noises associated with the feeding routine
  • When this happens, the edges of the groove curl up and create a tunnel between the oesophagus and reticulo-omasal orifice
24
Q

Where does fluid go when the reticular groove is relaxed vs contracted?

A
  • When the reticular groove is relaxed, the oesophagus empties into the reticulum/rumen
  • When the reticular groove is contracted, the edges of the groove curl up and create a tunne; between the oesophagus and reticulo-omasal orifice
25
Q

Why is there a need for the reticular groove reflex?

A
  • The neonatal ruminant is born sterile, inc. gut
  • As they grow, they have to switch diets from milk to forage
  • Milk is digested in the abomasum
    • needs to bypass the rumen and reticulum, as it would encourage the growth of bad bacteria if milk was fermented here
26
Q

What is the function of the milk clot and how does it work?

A
  • Fundic glands in the abomasum produce rennin which coagulates casein (milk protein) in acidic environments
  • The clot retains milk to allow complete digestion by pepsin
27
Q

How long before a functional rumen flora develops in young ruminants?

A
  • Rumen flora develops within a couple of weeks of birth
  • It is functional by 6-8 weeks
  • By the time animals are weaned the forestomach is capable of digesting an adult diet
    • 4-5 weeks+ =calves are weaned
    • 60 days =lambs are weaned
28
Q

1

A

Reticulum

29
Q

2

A

Omasum

30
Q

3

A

Abomasum

31
Q

4

A

Rumen

32
Q

A=

B=

A

A - left side

B - right side

33
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

1

A

Aorta

34
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

2

A

Coeliac artery

35
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

3

A

Splenic artery

36
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

4

A

Hepatic artery

37
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

5

A

Left gastric artery

38
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

6

A

Gastroduodenal artery

39
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

7

A

Right gastric artery

40
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

8

A

Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery

41
Q

Blood supply of the stomach and spleen

9

A

Right gastroepiploic artery

42
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

1

A

Liver

43
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

2

A

Stomach

44
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

3

A

Spleen

45
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

4

A

Left kidney

46
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

5

A

Descending colon

47
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

6

A

Small intestine

48
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

6’

A

Descending duodenum

49
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

7

A

Pancreas

50
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

8

A

Rectum

51
Q

Left canine abdominal wall

9

A

Female urogenital tract

GI (16 decks)

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