Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > Anatomy and function of the liver > Flashcards

Anatomy and function of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

Which species groups have more liver lobes: herbivores or carnivores?

A

Carnivores

This is perhaps linked to locomotion: in the carnivore, the lumbar region is highly mobile, so many liver lobes allow “sliding” motion to occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True/false: cats can have high variability in their number of liver lobes.

A

True: lobes may split or merge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True/false: when liver lobes are damaged, they regenerate and become identical to their previous form.

A

False: liver lobes regenerate irregularly, but down at the microscopic level, they are still functional.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the blood supply to the liver

A
  • All veins, arteries and. nerves enter the caudal surface of the liver at the hylus
  • The liver has a double blood supply:
    • Hepatic artery is rich in oxygen, provides approx. 30% of blood
    • Hepatic portal vein is rich in nutrients from the gut, relatively poor in oxygen. Provides approx. 70% of blood.
  • Hepatic veins pick up outflow from the liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe blood outflow from the liver

A
  • Hepatic veins pick up outflow from the liver and join the caudal vena cava as it runs through (need to dig in the liver to observe this)
  • The caudal vena cava runs through a notch in the liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a portal vessel?

A

Portal = capillary system at both ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Horses have no gallbladder. What is the significance of this if a horse is starved?

A
  • Starved horse becomes jaundiced
  • This is because there is no stimulus for bile to be released
  • Components of bile then end up and build in circulation, staining the membranes of the eye and mouth
  • This doesn’t happen in other species because bile can just be stored in the gallbladder if they are starved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1

A

Caudal vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2

A

Hepatorenal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3

A

Right triangular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4

A

Caudate process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5

A

Portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

6

A

Right hepatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

7

A

Bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

8

A

Right hepatic lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

9

A

Quadrate hepatic lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

10

A

Falciform ligament and round ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

11

A

Left lateral hepatic lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

12

A

Left medial hepatic lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

13

A

Portal vein with branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

14

A

Hepatic artery and portal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

15

A

Left lateral hepatic lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

16

A

Left triangular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the hepatic parenchyma?

A
  • Functional part of the liver
  • Principal cell type: hepatocytes
  • Histological area of the liver responsible for most hepatic functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the hepatic stroma?

A

The structural tissue of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most species have sparse collagen fibres in their liver, except for…

A

Pigs (they have more collagen, which can be observed as pale outlines of hexagons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the morphology and functions of hepatocytes

A
  • Polyhedral with round nucleus and prominent nucleolus
  • Metabolise and stores materials (nutrients and toxins) absorbed from the small intestine
  • Secrete bile
28
Q

Describe the morphology and function of Kupffer cells

A
  • Morphology: like macrophages
  • Defend against vascular-carried pathogens and remove debris (e.g. dead RBCs)
  • Found in the sinusoids
29
Q

Describe the morphology and function of Ito cells

A
  • Contain big intracytoplasmatic vacuoles
  • Involved in tissue fibrosis and retinal metabolism (stored Vitamin A)
30
Q

1

A

Branch of the hepatic portal vein

31
Q

2

A

Branch of the hepatic artery

32
Q

3

A

Lymphatic vessel

33
Q

4

A

Branch of the bile duct

34
Q

What structure is shown here, consisting of three vessels?

A

Portal triad

35
Q

Hepatic sinusoid

A

fenestrated blood vessel running along the plate of hepatocytes where portal blood and hepatic arterial blood mix.

In the hexagon of a portal triad, where central vein is in the middle and hepatic artery and portal vein are positioned at the edge, sinusoids run in from the edge to the centre.

36
Q

What does a portal triad (a.k.a. a portal tract) contain?

A
  • At least one branch of the hepatic portal vein
  • At least one branch of the hepatic artery
  • At least one bile duct

These are surrounded by connective tissue.

37
Q

Portal canal

A

Space containing the portal triad

38
Q

1

A

Plates (or cords) of hepatocytes

39
Q

2

A

Central vein (a.k.a. terminal hepatic venule)

40
Q

3

A

Bile duct

41
Q

4

A

Hepatic portal vein

42
Q

5

A

Hepatic artery

43
Q

6

A

Hepatic sinusoids

44
Q

In which direction in the liver lobule does bile flow?

A

Bile flow is centrifugal, flowing outwards from the centre

45
Q

In which direction in the liver lobule does blood flow?

A

From the edges towards the centre, feeding into the central vein

46
Q

1

A

Hepatic acinus

  • Term given to area created by circling the two adjacent central veins.
  • Emphasises the vascular supply to the hepatic parenchyma and the direction of blood flow.
  • Zone 1 - closest to the portal tract, receives most oxygenated blood.
  • Zone 3 - least oxygenated blood. Closest to central vein.
47
Q

2

A

Hepatic lobule

  • Smallest grossly visible structural unit in the liver.
  • Perfect one = hexagonal prism.
48
Q

3

A

Portal lobule

  • Triangular area centred on the portal tract.
  • This imaginary area stresses exocrine glandular function.
  • Local biliary obstruction affects cells in these areas.
49
Q

Cells in which zone will be most affected by direct-acting toxins (perilobular necrosis)?

A

Zone 1

They receive the most oxygenated blood and are closest to the branches of the hepatic portal vein, as well as the biliary system.

50
Q

Cells in which zone will be most affected by hypoxic injury?

A

Zone 3

Zone 3 hepatocytes already receive the least oxygenated blood

51
Q

Cells in which zone are most susceptible to centrilobular necrosis?

A

Zone 3

Zone 3 has higher biotransformation/detoxification activity e.g. via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system

Therefore, this zone is most susceptible to toxins activated by cytochromes.

52
Q

1

A

Classical lobule

53
Q

2

A

Portal lobule

54
Q

3

A

Hepatic acinus

55
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storage, concentration and release of bile

56
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Fat digestion and hepatic excretion

57
Q

Which direction does bile flow?

A

In the opposite direction of blood flow in the liver.

From the liver to the duodenum.

58
Q

True/false: blood and bile flow in opposite directions in the liver.

A

True.

59
Q

What is enterohepatic recirculation and why could it be a problem?

A

Enterohepatic recirculation: when a substance in the gut is absorbed by the hepatic portal vein, then excreted into bile, then present in the gut, and absorbed by the hepatic portal vein again.

This used to a problem with strong opiates for anaesthesia; the animal would wake, fall asleep again and so on. An IM dose of the reversal then had to be given to slowly counteract the continual reappearance of the anaesthetic.

60
Q

1

A

Gallbladder

61
Q

2

A

Bile duct

62
Q

3

A

Cystic duct

63
Q

4

A

Hepatic ducts

64
Q

Describe the wall of the gallbladder

A

Smooth muscle wall

Under autonomic supply

65
Q

Describe where bile is produced and how it moves from here

A
  • Hepatocytes produce bile into tubes called bile canaliculi
  • Bile can then enter the gallbladder via the cystic duct
  • To enter the duodenum, bile flows down the common bile duct, joins the pancreatic duct and is excreted into the duodenum

GI (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions