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MBChB YR2 Dermatology > Anatomy: Anatomy of the Skin > Flashcards

Anatomy: Anatomy of the Skin Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Which layer of the epidermis varies the most throughout the different skin surfaces of the body?

A

Keratin layer

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2
Q

Which part of the hair bulb contains the keratin producing cells?

A

Hair matrix

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3
Q

What is the function of the granular layer of the epidermis?

A

Cells secrete lipids, keratin, filaggrin and involucrin which go on to form the cornified envelope of the keratin layer

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4
Q

What are the three distinguishing features of the keratinocytes of the prickle cell layer (epidermis)?

A

Lack of nuclei

High lipid content

Odland bodies

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5
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the eccrine glands?

A

Sympathetic

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6
Q

In which layer of the epidermis does mitosis of keratinocytes occur?

A

Basal layer (stratum basale)

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7
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the dermis?

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

Produce sebum

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9
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of Langerhans cells?

A

Birckbeck granules

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10
Q

What stimulates the development of apocrine glands?

A

Androgens - develop at puberty

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11
Q

What are corneocytes?

A

Overlapping non-nucleated cell remnants of keratinocytes found in the keratin layer of the epidermis

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12
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the epidermis?

A

Ectoderm

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13
Q

Name the 4 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A

Keratin layer (stratum corneum), granular layer (stratum granulosum), prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum), basal layer (stratum basale)

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14
Q

Define melanocytes

A

Pigment-producing dendritic cells found in the basal layer and above which contain melanosomes

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15
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

Smooth muscle attached to hair fibres which can pull the hair perpendicular to the skin during cold/fright (goosebumps)

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16
Q

Define Meissners corpuscles

A

Groups of sensory nerves that are found high in the dermis which respond to light touch and vibration

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17
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

Interface between epidermis and dermis

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18
Q

Which part of the hair bulb contains the vasculature?

A

Dermal papilla

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19
Q

What are the 3 phases of the hair cycle?

A

Anagen, catagen, telogen

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20
Q

Define Blaschko’s lines

A

Lines of normal cell development in the skin; they are invisible under normal conditions but become apparent when some diseases of the skin or mucosa manifest themselves according to these patterns

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21
Q

Which layer of the epidermis consists of 2-3 layers of flattened keratinocytes and Langerhans cells?

A

Granular layer

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22
Q

What occurs during catagen in the hair cycle?

A

No active growth, involution of the hair

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23
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

Fine hair found on the face of women and in prepubertal children

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24
Q

What is the function of the keratin layer of the epidermis?

A

Acts as a waterproof barrier (most superficial layer)

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25
Q

How is hair pigmentation produced during hair growth?

A

Via melanocytes above dermal papilla

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26
Q

What are nails composed of?

A

Plates of cells filled with hard keratin

27
Q

What is the function of melanin granules?

A

Full melanosomes (‘melanin granules’) protect basal keratinocyte DNA from damage by UV radiation by absorbing the rays

28
Q

What is the primary function of the dermis?

A

To cushion and support the epidermis

29
Q

What is the majority of the dermis composed of?

A

Connective tissue - collagen, elastin and ground substance

30
Q

Name two functions of the eccrine glands other than thermoregulation

A

Control of salt loss, ultrafiltration

31
Q

What is lanugo hair?

A

Soft hair found in newborns

32
Q

Where is the nail plate found?

A

Sits on the nail bed

33
Q

Describe the structure of eccrine glands

A

Coiled, tubular structures which open directly onto the skin

34
Q

Bullae are associated with alterations of which structure?

A

Dermo-epidermal junction

35
Q

What is the structure of the apocrine glands?

A

Found deep within the dermis, project up towards and open out into the hair follicle

36
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

Course hair found on the scalp, beard and pubic region

37
Q

Describe the structure of the sebaceous glands

A

Lobulated masses which wrap around hair follicles

38
Q

Why is the blood supply to the dermis larger than the metabolic demand?

A

Allows the skin to undertake its role in thermoregulation

39
Q

What stimulates the production of sebum by the sebaceous glands?

A

Hormones - sebaceous glands are quiescent pre-puberty

40
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is composed of corneocytes and the cornified envelope?

A

Keratin layer

41
Q

What is the cornified envelope?

A

Protective waterproof barrier found in the keratin layer

42
Q

What occurs during telogen in the hair cycle?

A

Resting phase of the cycle when the hair falls out

43
Q

What is the function of apocrine glands?

A

Produce an oily, scented fluid

44
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic cells found within the prickle cell level in epidermis, the dermis and lymph nodes

45
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

Primarily found in the axillae and perineum

46
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the melanocytes?

A

Ectoderm - migrate from the neural crest to the epidermis in the first 3 months of foetal development

47
Q

What occurs at the nail matrix?

A

Cells divide and then produce hard keratin

48
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

Primarily found in face, chest and upper back, not present in palm and sole skin

49
Q

Define Pacinian corpuscles

A

Groups of sensory nerves found deeper in the dermis which respond to heavy, deep pressure

50
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The most superficial, protective layer of skin, which consists of stratified squamous epithelium that is mainly made up of keratinocytes

51
Q

What is the primary function of Langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presentation to T cells

52
Q

What do the free nerve endings in the basal layer of the epidermis and in the dermis respond to?

A

Pain

53
Q

What occurs during anagen in the hair cycle?

A

Active growth

54
Q

What are the functions of the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

Support, anchorage, adhesion, growth and differentiation of basal cells

Semi-permeable membrane acting as barrier and filter

55
Q

What is sebum composed of?

A

Squalene, wax esters, TG and FFA

56
Q

What is the hyponychium?

A

Area of epithelium underlying the free edge of the nail plate on the nail

57
Q

Name the 4 layers of the dermo-epidermal junction, from superficial to deep

A

Basal cell plasma membrane, lamina lucinda, lamina densa, sub-lamina densa zone

58
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Extension of the skin fold covering the nail root

59
Q

What is the function of melanosomes?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment

When full the melanin granules will protect basal keratinocyte DNA from damage by UV radiation

60
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Cells found within the basal layer of the epidermis involved in mechanoreception

61
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains larger polyhedral keratinocytes joined by desmosomes?

A

Prickle cell layer

62
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains stem cells, Merkel cells, melanocytes, an abundance of intermediate filaments (keratin) and a single layer of small cuboidal keratinocytes?

A

Basal cell layer

63
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

Controls moisture loss and protects against fungal infection

MBChB YR2 Dermatology (23 decks)

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