Anatomy Flashcards
Layers of the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
External layer
Visceral serous pericardium
Myocardium
Middle layer
Cardiac muscle
Endocardium
Internal layer
Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart
Which chamber forms the right heart border?
Right atrium
Which chamber forms the left border of the heart?
Left ventricle
Which chamber forms the posterior surface of the heart?
Left atrium
Which chamber forms most of the anterior surface of the heart?
Right ventricle
How many pulmonary veins are there?
4
Which cardiac valve is between RV and pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary valve
Which valve is between LV+LA?
Mitral/ bicuspid valve
Which valve is between RA+RV?
Tricuspid valve
Which valve is between LV+ aorta?
Aortic valve
Composition of blood vessels
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
What is the tunica intima made of?
Endothelium
What is the tunica media made of?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
What is the tunica adventitia made of?
Connective tissue
If an artery has common or trunk in the name, what dies this mean?
It will definitely divide again
Anastomosis
Where arteries connect without an intervening capillary network
Provides alternate route for blood to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion
An anastomosis of the brain
Circle of Willis
Helps prevent CVA
Collateral
Each alternate route in a given anastomosis
Disadvantage: collateral bleeds from both sides of the cut
End artery
Only arterial supply to an are (no collaterals)
Branches of the arch of the aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
Upper limb blood supply
Subclavian artery-> axillary artery-> brachial artery-> radial and ulnar arteries
Branches to supply abdominal organs
Abdominal aorta-> common iliac arteries-> external and internal iliac arteries
Where does the external iliac artery supply?
Lower limbs
Where does the internal iliac artery supply?
Pelvis/ perineum
Where is the carotid pulse found?
At bifurcation of common carotid artery
Veins are pulsatile and low pressure. T/F?
False
Veins are non pulsatile and low pressure
Arteries are pulsatile and high pressure
2 main venous systems in the body?
Hepatic portal venous system
Systemic venous system
Role of hepatic venous system
Drains venous blood from absorptive parts of GIT and associated organs to liver for cleaning
Role of systemic venous system
Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissue into SVC/ IVC
Where is lymph eventually returned to?
Central veins in root of the neck
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
Right venous angle
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Left venous angle
What is the only lymphatic vessel which can be seen in dissection?
Thoracic duct
Axial skeleton
Bones of the skull, neck (including hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk (chest, abdo and back)
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Bone
Hard connective tissue Functions - support and protect organs - calcium metabolism - RBC formation - attachment for skeletal muscle
Cartilage
Less rigid than bone
Located where mobility is needed at articulations
What attaches muscle to the bone?
Tendons (non-contractile)
Aponeurosis
Flat tendon
Attaches muscle to soft tissue
Muscle paralysis
Muscle without functioning motor nerve
Cannot contract
Reduced muscle tone on Examination
Muscle spasticity
Intact and functioning motor nerve
Descending controls from brain don’t work
Increased muscle tone on examination
What type of cells are gametes?
Haploid cells
Where are gametes produced?
Gonads (testes/ ovaries)
Where is the pelvic cavity
Within the bony pelvis, between pelvic inlet and outlet
What separates perineum and pelvic cavity?
Pelvic floor (internal wall of skeletal muscle)
What is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in an upright female?
Rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
In ampulla
Where does implantation usually occur?
Body of the uterus
Where do the testes originate from?
The posterior wall of the abdominal cavity
They descend into the scrotum, through the anterior abdo wall (inguinal canal)
Vas deferens
Tube which seem passes from testes to the urethra
Where is sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
It then passes to rete testis then to the head of epididymis, which becomes the vas deferens
What is found in the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
