Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
how many cranial and spinal nerves
A
12 pairs of cranial
31 pairs of spinal
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
2
Q
how does the brain form
A
from the neural tube
at 4 weeks forms primary vesicles (pros, mes and rhomb -encephalons)
at 6-8 week form secondary vesicles
3
Q
what does the telecephalon form
A
cerebral hemispheres
4
Q
what does the diencephalon form
A
thalamus, hypothalamus
5
Q
what does the mesencephalon form
A
midbrain
6
Q
what does the metencephalon form
A
pons, cerebellum
7
Q
what does the myelencephalon form
A
medulla oblongata
8
Q
what makes up the brainstem
A
mid brain
pons
medulla oblongata
9
Q
what makes up the diencephalon
A
thalamus + hypothalamus
10
Q
what are the majority of neurones
A
multipolar with many dendrites and one axon
11
Q
what is the soma of a neurone
A
contains the nucleus and cellular apparatus
12
Q
what way is electric activity going in an axon
A
away from the cell body
13
Q
what do glial cell do
A
support cells for CNS
14
Q
what are the 4 types of glial cells
A
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
15
Q
what do astrocytes do
A
support, maintain BBB, environment homeostasis
star shaped
16
Q
what is the role of the BBB
A
prevents things in blood directly accessing parenchyma of the brain
17
Q
is there connective tissue in the CNS
A
no- why you need glial cells
18
Q
what is the role of oligodendrocytes
A
produce myelin in the CNS (not in PNS) (wrap cell membranes around axons to increase the speed of conduction)
19
Q
what is the node of ranvier
A
a gap between two myelinated axon areas- APs skip from one node to the next
20
Q
what is the role of microglia
A
(hemopoietic (bone marrow) origin)
immune monitoring and antigen presentation (when activates take on appearance of macrophages)
21
Q
what are ependymal cells
A
ciliated cuboidal/ culomnar epithelium that line the ventricles
22
Q
what is a gyrus, sulcus and fissure
A
gyrus- ridge in cerebral cortex
sulcus- groove in cerebral cortex
fissure- deeper than gyrus
23
Q
what fissures does the brain have
A
lateral (2) and longitudinal
24
Q
what is grey matter
A
has lots of neurones, cell processes, synapses and support cells
(forms outside of brain)
25
what is white matter
(medullary centre)
| axons and their support cells
26
how can you identify the dorsal and ventral horns of the grey matter in the spinal chord
grey matter on inside
dorsal horn extends back towards the posterior surface of the spinal chord
ventral horn is a distance from the anterior surface of the spinal chord
27
what does the calcarine suclus demarcate
primary visual cortex
28
what is the corpus callosum
largest connection between the left and right hemisphere
| a band of white matter
29
what is the fornix
band of white matter that goes into the hypothalamus
30
where is the 4th ventricle
sits behind the pons
31
where is the frontal lobe
lobe anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus.
anterior to a line drawn from the central sulcus down to the corpus callosum
32
where is the parietal lobe
posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus (and a backward extension of it), and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch
posterior to the frontal lobe and anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus.
33
where is the occipital lobe
posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch
posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus.
34
where is the temporal lobe
inferior to the lateral sulcus (and a line extending the lateral sulcus posteriorly) and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch
35
what is the role of the insular lobe
role in the experience of pain
36
what are the three meninges from superficial to deep
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater.
-Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pia mater.
37
what makes up the outer layer of the dura mata
the periosteum of the skull
38
what creates the subarachnoid space
pia mata follow the indentations of the brain but the arachnoid mata does not
39
what joins the lateral ventricles
communicate via 3rd ventricle (via intraventricular foramen)
40
what is the enteric nervous system
found in digestive system
| controls motility in the muscles of the digestive system
41
what is the blood supply to the brain
internal carotid system- Common carotid -> internal carotid -> anterior cerebral artery -> (anterior communicating artery), middle cerebral artery
vertebro-basilar system- Subclavian arteries -> vertebral arteries -> unite forming the basilar artery -> anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar, posterior cerebral arteries(->posterior communicating artery)
circle of willis= Anastomosis between the anterior and posterior circulation
Polygonal anastomosis between:
Internal carotid artery (branch of the common carotid)
Anterior cerebral artery (branch of the internal carotid)
Anterior communicating artery (branch of the anterior carotid, connects left and right anterior cerebral arteries)
Posterior cerebral artery (branch of the basilar artery)
Posterior communicating artery (branch of the posterior cerebral, connects the three cerebral arteries on the same side)
42
what is the venous drainage of the brian
dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein
43
what makes up the PNS
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
44
what is a ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS (same thing in CNS called a nucleus)
45
how does information reach neurones
dendrites
46
whats the difference betwen multipolar ans unipolar neurones
```
multipolar:
- 2 or more dendrites
- all MOTOR neurones of
skeletal muscle & ANS (symp and parasymp)
- cell body in CNS
```
unipolar:
- double process
- aka pseudounipolar / SENSORY
- cell body in PNS
47
what are motor neurones
efferent
| impulses towards body wall/ cavity/ organ
48
what are sensory neurones
afferent
| impulses towards brain
49
what is a tract
collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels
50
what is single and mixed modalities
a tract can be single:
one of somatic motor, sensory, special sensory, symp, parasymp, visceral afferent
or mixed where different nerves together in one (most tend to be mixed)
51
what cranial nerves connect to CNS at forebrain
CN I and II
52
what cranial nerves connect to CNS at midbrain
III IV
53
what cranial nerves connect to CNS at pons
V
54
what cranial nerves connect to CNS at pontomedullary junction
VI, VII, VIII
55
what cranial nerves connect to CNS at the medulla
CN IX, X, XII
56
what cranial nerves connect to CNS at the spinal chord
XI
57
how do you remeber the modalities of the cranial nerves
some say mary money but my brother says big balls matter more
```
s= special sensory
m= motor
b= both
```
58
where in spine are the spinal nerve
intervertebral foramina
59
what do spinal nerves connect to
spinal chord segment at the same number (C1 at C1) via roots and rootlets
structures of the soma (body walll) via rami
60
what is the path of spinal nerves
```
spinal chord
rootlets (ant and post)
roots (ant and post)
spinal nerve
post and ant rami
```
61
what does the posterior rami do
is small, supplies the posterior body wall
62
what does the anterior rami do
bigger, supplies the anteriolateral body wall
63
what is the path of sensory axons from spinal nerves to chord
spinal nerve
posterior root
posterior rootlets
posterior horn of the spinal chord
64
what is the path of motor axons from chord to spinal nerves
anterior horn of spinal cord
anterior rootlets
anterior root
spinal nerve
65
what is the dorsal root ganglion
Location of cell bodies of primary afferent neurones
66
are roots mixed or single modality
single (as come from post or ant horn)
67
what does each spinal supply
general sensory supply to all structures
somatic motor supply to skeletal muscles
sympathetic nerve supply to the skin and to the smooth muscle of arterioles
68
what is a dermatome
area of skin supply sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve (and deeper structures)
69
what is a myotome
the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve
(may be same as dermatome but not always)
70
what needs to be damaged for an area of skin to be numb
several adjacent spinal nerves as dermatomes overlap
71
what dermatome is the nipple
T4
72
what dermatome is the umbilicus
T10
73
what dermatome is the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder
C2-C4
74
what dermatome is the upper limb
C5-T1
75
what dermatome is the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
L2-Co1
76
what forms nerve plexuses
ONLY anterior rami
77
what is the cervical plexus
C1-4
| supplies posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm
78
what is the brachial plexus
C5-T1
| upper limb
79
what is the lumbar plexus
L1-L4
| lower limb
80
what is the sacral plexus
L5-S4
| lower limb, gluteal region, perineum
81
describe sympathetic outflow
originates from brain
passes down spinal chord
T1-L2 have lateral horns (cell bodies)
thoracolumbar outflow
presynaptic fibres enter the sympathetic trunks and either:
-ascend then synapse (head, cervical cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves, neck, upper limb/ when spinal nerves involved are superior to intereomediolateral nucleus)
-synapse at level of entry (thoracic cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves/ when spinal nerves are at sane level as
IML- middle trunk)
-descend then synapse (when spinal nerves involved are inferior to
IML (part of lower limb))
-pass through snyaptic trunk without synapsing to enter abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve (abdominopelvic viscera only)
present in all spinal nerves
82
how does sympathetic innervation get to the heart
presynaptic axons synapse in T1 or cercival PARAvertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain)
post synaptic axons pass into cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to the SA and AN nodes and the myocardium
83
how does sympathetic innervation get to the lungs
presynaptic axons synapse in upper thoracic PARAvertebral ganglia
postsynaptic axons pass into cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to the bronchiolar smooth muscle and mucous glands
84
how does sympathetic innervation get to the abdonminopelvic organs
presynaptic axons synapse in one of the prevertebral ganglia
- celiac ganglion of celiac plexus (foregut)
- aorticorenal ganglion (kidney)
- superior mesenteric ganglion of SM plexus (midgut)
- inferior mesenteric ganglion of IF plexus (hindgut &
pelvic/perineal organs)
85
how does sympathetic innervation reach the adrenal medulla
presynaptic axons pass through the aorticorenal ganglion
to synapse directly onto the adrenaline/noradrenaline
secreting cells of the adrenal medulla
86
how do presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS
via cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (1973)
sacral spinal nerves
87
what is the path of parasympathetics
leave via CN 1973 and sacral spinal nerves
ciliary ganglion-> eye
parasympathetic ganglia in head-> lacrimal and salivary gland
vagus nerve-> organs of neck, chest and abdomen untill midgut
sacral spinal nerves-> hindgut, pelvis and perineum
88
what are the symptoms of horners and why do you get them
miosis (pin point pupils)
ptosis (LPS)
reduced sweating (anhydrosis)
increased warmth and redness (vasodilation)
impaired SYMPATHETIC innervation
89
what are the causes of horners syndrome
compression of cervical parts of the sympathetic trunk
- root of neck trauma
- carotid dissection
- IJV engorgement
- deep cervical node metastases
- pancoast tumour (lung apex)
90
what is paraesthesia
pins and needles
91
what is ataxia
loss of co-ordination/ balance/clumbsiness
92
what is sympathetic motor innervation
autonomic control (smooth muscle in vessels and hair follicles)
93
how do you test both the dermatome and myotome innervation
spinal cord reflexes
94
what is C1s dermatome
C1 HAS NO DERMATOME- is only motor
95
what is C2s dermatome
back of scalp and adams apple
96
what is C3s dermatome
back of neck and jugular notch
97
what is C4s dermatome
clavicle and shoulder tip
98
what is C5s dermatome
regimental badge area
99
what is C6s dermatome
lateral forearm to thumb
100
what is C7s dermatome
middle finger
101
what is C8s dermatome
little finger
102
what is T1s dermatome
medial forearm
103
what is t2s dermatome
medial arm and sternal angle
104
what is T4s dermatome
nipple
105
what is t10s dermatome
umbilicus
106
what is T12s dermatome
pubic symphysis
107
what is L1s dermatome
groin (hands in pockets)
108
what is L2s dermatome
anterior thigh
109
what is L3s dermatome
anterior knee (L3 knee)
110
what is L4s dermatome
medial malleolus
111
what is L5s dermatome
dorsum of the foot
112
what is s1s dermatome
heel
113
what is S2s dermatome
posterior knee
114
what is S3s dermatome
buttock
115
what is S4s dermatome
perineum
116
what is S5s dermatome
perianal skin
117
what might be affected if only the dermatome not myotome is affected
dorsal rootlets or root
118
what skin do the posterior rami supply
down the back and posterior neck
119
what rami form plexuses
anterior
120
what anterior rami do not form complexes
T2-T12
121
what are the named cutaneous innervation of the trunk
lower antereolateral trunk wall- iliohypogadtric and ilioinguinal nerves
upper anterolateral trunk wall is supplies by intercostal nerves
subcostal nerve
122
what is the difference between a spinal nerve and a names nerve
spinal contains axons from one spinal cord level
named contains from one of more spinal cord level supplying a particular area
123
what levels in the femoral nerve
L2,3,4
124
what is the named innervation of the neck
cervial plexus- anterolateral neck skin:
-lesser occipital C2 (skin posterior to external ear)
-great auricular nerve C2,3 (skin over mandible and external ear)
-transverse cervical C2,3 (anterior neck)
supraclavicular nerves C3,4 (shouldertip)
LITTLE
GOATS
TREAD
SOFTLY
125
what supplies the posterior neck and scalp skin
posterior rami of spinal nerves C2-8
126
what is the nerve point of the neck
when sensory nerves of cervical plexus pass from superficial to deep fascia at midpoint of posterior border of SCM
127
what level is the supraclavicular nerve
C3,4
128
what level is the axially nerve
C5,6
129
what level is the cutanrous branch of the musculocutaneous nerve
C5,6,7
130
what supplies the anatomical snuffbox
cutaneous branches of the radial nerve
131
what are T1 and T2 important
referred pain from myocardium
132
what level is the median nerve
C5,6,7,8 T1
133
what level is the ulnar nerve
C7,8, T1
134
what level is the radial nerve
C5,6,7,8, T1
135
what level is the subcostal nerve
T12
136
what level is the femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
L1,2
137
what level is the ilioinguinal nerve
L1
138
what level is the obturator nerve
L2,3,4
139
what level is the femoral nerve
L2,3,4
140
what level is the saphenous nerve
(from femoral) L3,4
141
what level is the superficial fibular nerve
L4, L5, S1
142
what level is the tibial nerve
L4,5,S1,2,3 (goes into calcaneal nerves and medial and lateral plantar nerves)
143
what level is the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
S1,2,3
144
what level is the iliohypogastric nerve
L1
145
what is the internal capsule
white matter, carries sensory and motor info information from cortex
146
what does the cervical plexus do (motor)
C1-C4
neck, postural and strap muscles
diaphragm C3,4,5
147
what does the brachial plexus do (motor)
C5-T1
muscles of upper limb
extrinsic back muscles that move the upper limb or scapula
148
what do T2-L3 motor axons supply
```
Postural back muscles (via posterior rami)
Intercostal muscles (via anterior rami)
Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
(via thoracoabdominal, subcostal, iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal nerves)
```
149
what does the lumbosacral plexus do (motor)
motor axons supply muscles of the lower limb and sperineal skeletal muscles
150
how do you test myotome C5
shoulder abduction- deltoid
151
how do you test myotome C6
elbow flexion- biceps brachii
152
how do you test myotome C7
elbow extension - triceps brachii
153
how do you test myotome C8
finger flexion - flexor digitorum superficialis
154
how do you test myotome T1
finger abduction - dorsal interossi
155
how do you test myotome L3
knee extension - quadriceps femoris
156
how do you test myotome L2
hip felxion
157
how do you test myotome L4
ankle dorsiflexion - tibilais anterior
158
how do you test myotome L5
great toe extension- extensor hallucis longus
159
how do you test myotome S1
ankle plantar flexion - gastrocnemius
160
how do you test myotome S2
knee flexion- biceps femoris
161
what pathway does a AP go to create motor function
APs are generated by voluntary intention in the primary somatomotor cortex
AP conducted via UMN axons of the corticospinal tract
AP continues along axons to anterior horn of spinal cord
UMN synapse with LMN stimulating AP
AP continues along axons to spinal nerve
AP continues to either posterior ramus OR anterior ramus.
APs then reach the NMJ of the supplied muscle
162
what happens in a monosynaptic relfex
Occurs each time skeletal muscle is stretched - normal muscle “tone”
Muscle spindles initiate APs in the anterior rami axons
Sensory APs conducted to dorsal horn
Axons pass into anterior horn to synapse on LMNs
APs conducted via the LMN axons reach the NMJ
Muscle contracts
Reflex muscle contractions controlled by descending pathways
163
what happens in a UMN lesion
= spasticity- does not have reciprocal inhibition (thinks muscle shouldnt be stretching)
164
what happens in LMN lesions
flaccidity
165
what level is being tested in the biceps brachii reflex
C5,6
166
what level is being tested in the brachioradialis reflex
C6
167
what level is being tested in the triceps brachii reflex
C7
168
what level is being tested in the knee jerk
L3
169
what level is being tested in the ankle jerk
S1
170
why do you neuropathy in the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
part of lumbar plexus under inguinal ligament and near ASIS. If iliopsoas hypertrophies and compresses this nerve
171
Muscles of facial expression motor innervation
CN VII
172
Muscles of mastication motor innervation
CN V3
173
Muscles of the tongue motor innervation
CN XII
174
Muscles of the soft palate motor innervation
CN X/pharyngeal plexus
175
Neck postural muscles motor innervation
Posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
176
strap muscles motor innervation
cervical plexus C1-3
177
diaphragm motor innervation
phrenic nerve: C3,4,5 – from the cervical plexus
178
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius motor innervation
CN XI
179
muscles of the pharnyx motor innervation
mainly CN X
180
intrinsic muscles of the larynx motor innervation
CN X
181
intercostal muscles motor innervation
intercostal nerves
182
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles motor innervation
thoracoabdominal nerves
183
erector spinae and transversospinalis group motor innervation
post rami of spinal nerves
184
to what muscles does the axillary nerve (C5,6) provide motor innervation
deltoid and teres minor
185
to what muscles does the musculocutaneous (C5,6,7) nerve provide motor innervation
all ant compartment of arm
biceps brachii
brachialis
coracobrachialis
186
to what muscles does the median nerve (C5,6,7,8 T1) provide motor innervation
Muscles of anterior compartment of forearm:
-The pronator muscles (Teres & Quadratus)
-Flexor carpi radialis
-Palmaris longus
-Flexor digitorum superficialis
-Lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus
-Flexor pollicis longus
Muscles of the hand:
-Thenar muscles
-Lumbricals 1&2
187
to what muscles does the radial nerve (C5,6,7,8 T1) provide motor innervation
Muscle of posterior compartment of arm:
Triceps brachii
Muscles of posterior compartment of forearm:
Brachioradialis
Supinator
ALL the extensors of the carpus & digits
Abductor pollicis longus
188
to what muscles does the ulnar nerve (C7,8 T1) provide motor innervation
Muscles of anterior compartment of forearm:
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial half of flexor pollicis longus
Adductor pollicis
Muscles of the hand:
Hypothenar muscles, Lumbricals 3&4
& ALL the interossei (dorsal & palmar)
189
to what muscles does the femoral nerve (L2,3,4) provide motor innervation
Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
Pectineus
190
to what muscles does the sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L4-S3) provide motor innervation
Muscles of posterior compartment of thigh:
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Long head of biceps femoris
```
Muscles of posterior compartment of leg:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexors of the digits
```
Muscles of the sole of the foot:
All intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot
191
to what muscles does the obturator nerve (L2,3,4) provide motor innervation
All of the medial compartment of thigh
| All adductors & gracilis
192
to what muscles does the sciatic nerve (fibular division) (L4-S2) provide motor innervation
Short head of biceps femoris
193
to what muscles does the superficial fibular nerve provide motor innervation
Muscles of the lateral compartment of leg:
| Fibularis longus & brevis
194
to what muscles does the deep fibular nerve provide motor innervation
```
Muscles of the anterior compartment of leg:
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
```
Muscles of the dorsum of the foot:
Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB)
Extensor hallucis brevis (EHB)
