Anatomy Flashcards
Outer ring of intervertebral discs
Anulus fibrosus
Inner center of intervertebral discs
Nucleus pulposus
Specific features of cervical vertebrae
2 transverse foramen
Often bifid, spinous processes
Uncinate processes
Motions permitted in cervical vertebra? Limited?
Flexion/extension and side-bending; rotation
Specific features of thoracic vertebra
Facets (T1, T9-12) and demifacets (T2-8) for head of rib, transverse costal facets
Articular facet orientation of lower cervical vertebra
Largely horizontal, in axial plane
Articular facet orientation of thoracic vertebra
Mostly vertical in coronal plane
Motions permitted in thoracic vertebra? Limited?
Rotation, side-bending; flexion/extension, some rotation (spinous processes and ribs limit flexion)
Specific features of lumbar vertebra
Accessory processes
Mammilary processes
Articular facet orientation of lumbar vertebra
Facets face medially/laterally and are nearly vertical in the saggital plane
Motions permitted in lumbar vertebra? Limited?
Lots of flexion and extension, side-bending; rotation by facets
Iliolumbar ligaments connect…..to….
Transverse processes of L4 and L5; ilium
Specific features of sacrum
Promontory, Ala, sacral foramina, auricular surface, sacral crests, sacral cornua, sacral hiatus and canal
Specific features of coccyx
Apex and coccygeal cornua
Trapezius
Proximal attachments: external occipital protuberance, cervical to lower-thoracic spinous processes
Distal attachment: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Action: upper fibers (elevate scapula), middle fibers (retract scapula), lower fibers (depress scapula)
Innervation: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
Latissimus Dorsi
Proximal attachments: mid-thoracic to sacral spinous processes and iliac crest
Distal attachments: intertubercular sulcus (proximal humerus)
Action: adduct arm from an abducted position; extend arm from flexed position
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
Levator scapulae
Proximal attachments: transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
Distal attachments: superior angle of scapula
Action: elevate scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Rhomboid major/minor
Proximal attachments: lower cervical to upper thoracic spinous processes
Distal attachment: medial border of scapula
Action: retract scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Fascia
Resists force equally in many directions; anchors tissues with some shift
Tendon
Transmits and resists force strongly along the line of force as muscle pulls bone
Ligament
Resists distraction of bone away from another bone
Aponeurosis
Broad flat tendon connecting muscle to bone
Retinaculum
Broad flat ligament that restrains/tethers a muscle group to prevent bowstringing
Muscles innervated by posterior rami
Splenius capitis and cervicis, erector spinae, semispinalis, semispinalis cervicis and capitis, multifidus lumborum, rotatores thoracis, intertransversarii, interspinous, levatores costarum
Extrinsic back muscles
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, serratus, rhomboid
Superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles
Splenius
Intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles
Erector spinae
Deep intrinsic back muscles
Transversospinalis - semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus
Minor deep intrinsic back muscles
Suboccipital muscles, interspinalis, levatores costorum, and intertransversarii
Splenius capitis
Proximal attachment: middle and lower cervical spinous processes
Distal attachment: mastoid process and occipital bone
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral contraction - extension of the back and neck; unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending and rotation
Splenius cervicis
Proximal attachment: Lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous processes
Distal attachment: transverse processes of upper cervical
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral contraction - extension of the back and neck; unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending and rotation
Iliocostalis
Proximal attachment: Iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar transverse processes
Distal attachment: ribs, generally lateral to costal angle
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral contraction - extension of back and neck unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending
Longissimus
Proximal attachment: sacrum, lumbar spinous processes, lumbar and thoracic transverse processes
Distal attachment: ribs, medial to costal angle and more superior transverse processes
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral contraction - extension of back and neck unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending
Spinalis
Proximal attachment: lumbar and thoracic spinous processes
Distal attachment: more superior spinous processes
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral contraction - extension of back and neck unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending
Semispinalis cervicis
Proximal attachment: middle, lower cervical and upper thoracic transverse processes
Distal attachment:upper cervical spinous processes up to C2
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral - extends neck; unilateral - ipsilateral side-bending and slight contralateral rotation
Semispinalis capitis
Proximal attachment: middle, lower cervical and upper thoracic transverse processes
Distal attachment: occipital bone
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral - extends head and neck; unilateral - ipsilateral side-bending
Multifudus lumborum
Proximal attachment: sacrum and lower lumbar transverse processes
Distal attachment: lumbar spinous processes
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: bilateral - extends lower back and anchor vertebral column; unilateral - ipsilateral side-bending and contralateral rotation
Rotatores thoracis
Proximal attachment: transverse processes of thoracic
Distal attachment: spinous processes of thoracic
Innervation: posterior rami
Action: mostly proprioceptive stabilization muscles
