Anatomy

Question 1

Cerebellum - function

Answer 1

Controls movement

The small brain located under the cerebrum

Question 2

Brainstem - function and constituents

Answer 2

Consists of: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Function: Integrates information

Question 3

Diencephalon - function and constituents

Answer 3

Constituents: thalmus (superior), hypothalamus (inferior)

Central core of cerebrum

Question 4

Location of pituitary gland

Answer 4

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa

Question 5

What is the pituitary fossa?

Answer 5

The space that lies within the sella trucica of the sphenoid bone
Hangs off of the hypothalamus via pituitary stalk
Immediately inferior to the optic chiasm

Question 6

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 6

Wraps itself round the posterior lobe

Question 7

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 7

Cluster of nerve cells

Question 8

Acidophils of the anterior pituitary (2)

Answer 8

Red in colour
GH
Prolactin

Question 9

Basophils of the anterior pituitary

Answer 9

Dark in colour 
ACTH 
TSH
FSH 
LH

Question 10

Bitemporal hemianopia - eye features

Answer 10

Bilateral loss of temporal (lateral) visual fields

Question 11

The nasal half of the retina is more medial/lateral ?

Answer 11

Medial

Question 12

The temporal half of the retina is more medial/lateral?

Answer 12

Lateral

Question 13

Light rays from the nasal visual field hit the ____ retina and then what happens ?

Answer 13

Nasal visual field –> temporal retina (lateral)

The visual pathway then stays lateral

Question 14

Light rays from the temporal visual field hit the _____ retina and then what happens?

Answer 14

Temporal visual field –> nasal retina (medial)

The visual pathway then stays medial (crossing over at the optic chasm occurs)

Question 15

What is the pathway of light rays from retina –> brain?

Answer 15

Retina -> optic canal -> optic chiasm -> thalamus -> optic radiation -> occipital lobe

Question 16

Which CN is the optic chiasm formed from?

Answer 16

CN II

Question 17

What are the 2 surgical approaches to access the pituitary fossa?

Answer 17

Transcranial approach
- via under the frontal lobe

Transphenoidal / Transnasal approach
- via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

Question 18

Structures at risk in pituitary gland surgery: optic chiasm

Answer 18

Can result in bitemporal haemianopia

Question 19

Which cranial nerves are at risk in pituitary gland surgery?

Answer 19

CN III
CN IV
CN V1, V2, V3
CN VI

Question 20

Thyroid gland composition

Answer 20

2 lobes (right and left) connected by an isthmus

Question 21

Thyroid gland main cell involved

Answer 21

Follicular epithelial cells which surround the central colloid

Question 22

Thyroid gland occasional cell involved

Answer 22

C cell (parafollicular cell) which secretes calcitonin

Question 23

Normal weight of thyroid gland

Answer 23

25-30g

Question 24

Is it normal for the thyroid gland to move on swallowing?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

Thyroid gland location

Answer 25

From the 5th cervical vertebrae to the 1st thoracic vertebrae

Question 26

Where is the isthmus located

Answer 26

Anterior to the 2nd - 3rd cartilages of the trachea

Question 27

Where is the thyroid gland formed embryologically

Answer 27

between the anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue It reaches its final position in the 7th week of foetal development

Question 28

Blood supply to the thyroid glands and parathyroid glands

Answer 28

Superior thyroid artery (branch of external carotid artery) Inferior thyroid artery (branch of subclavian artery) Thyroid IMA artery (may be absent in some people)

Question 29

Venous drainage from the thyroid glands and parathyroid glands

Answer 29

Superior thyroid vein (then drains to IJV) Middle thyroid vein (then drains to IJV) Inferior thyroid vein (then drains to brachiocephalic vein)

Question 30

Lymphatic drainage from the thyroid glands and parathyroid glands

Answer 30

Superior and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes | Tracheal lymph nodes: pretracheal node (in midline) and paratracheal nodes

Question 31

How many parathyroid glands are there ?

Answer 31

4 - 2 x superior - 2 x inferior

Question 32

What is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland?

Answer 32

Only some people have this | It originates from the left lateral lobe usually

Question 33

Where are the platysma muscles located?

Answer 33

Located immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck Can see these muscles when you contract the neck

Question 34

Which cranial nerve are the platysma muscles supplied by?

Answer 34

CN VII

Question 35

What cranial nerve supplies the trapezius muscles?

Answer 35

CN XI

Question 36

What cranial nerve supplies the sternocleidomatoid muscles?

Answer 36

CN XI

Question 37

Superficial strap muscles (2)

Answer 37

omohyoid | sternohyoid

Question 38

Deep strap muscles (2)

Answer 38

sternothyroid | thyrohyoid

Question 39

Where is the carotid sheath located?

Answer 39

Next to the thyroid gland (bilaterally)

Question 40

Carotid sheath constituents

Answer 40

Internal jugular vein (lateral) Vagus nerve Common carotid arteries until C4 where they bifurcate (after bifurcation only internal carotid arteries are within the carotid sheath) Deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 41

Thyroidectomy incision

Answer 41

Collar incision just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch. The incision is made through the skin and platysma muscles

Question 42

Which nerve is at danger of being damaged during a thyroidectomy?

Answer 42

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - unilateral injury: hoarseness, weakness of voice, weak cough - bilateral injury: inability to produce sound, inability to close the rima glottidis

Question 43

Where does the external jugular vein drain into ?

Answer 43

The subclavian vein

Question 44

Pathway of the vagus nerve (right)

Answer 44

``` Descends through carotid sheath Sends some nerves off to the larynx Descends through the chest - lateral to the trachea - posterior to lung hilum - posterior to oesophagus passes with the oesophagus through to the diaphragm divides into terminal branches at the abdomen ```

Question 45

Pathway of the vagus nerve (left)

Answer 45

Descends through the carotid sheath Sends some nerves off to the larynx Descends through the chest - descends at the left side of the aortic arch - posterior to lung hilum - anterior to oesophagus passes with the oesophagus through to the diaphragm divides into terminal branches at the abdomen

Question 46

Course of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 46

Hooks under the subclavian artery

Question 47

Course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 47

Hooks under the arch of the aorta