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Principles SOH > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into right and left down midline

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2
Q

Coronal plane

A

Divides body into anterior and posterior section

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3
Q

Axial (transverse) plane

A

Divides the body into superior or inferior

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4
Q

External jugular vein

A

Superficial vein

Nearer the surface of the body

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5
Q

Internal jugular vein

A

Deep vein

Closer to the core of the body

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6
Q

Dorsal surface

A

Posterior surface of wrist, hand, tongue, foot

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7
Q

Volar surface

A

Anterior surface of wrist

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8
Q

Palmar surface

A

Anterior surface of hand

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9
Q

Ventral surface

A

Anterior surface of tongue

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10
Q

Plantar surface

A

Anterior surface of foot

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Structure lies on the same side of the body as the other structure

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12
Q

Contralateral

A

Structure lies on the opposite side of the body as the other structure

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13
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from the medial plane

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14
Q

Adduction

A

Moving towards the medial plane

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15
Q

Eversion of foot

A

Sole of foot rotates away from median plane

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16
Q

Inversion of foot

A

Sole of foot rotates towards the median plane

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17
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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18
Q

Supine

A

Lying on back

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19
Q

Lymph drainage - thoracic duct

A

Lymph drains from most of body into the left venous angle.

Major lymphatic vessel

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20
Q

Lymph drainage - right lymphatic duct

A

Lymph drains from right upper body into the right venous angle

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21
Q

Lymph

A

Excess tissue fluid

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22
Q

Cartilage

A

Located where mobility is required at joints

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23
Q 
Fibrous joint 
(stability, mobility)
A

Very stable

Not mobile

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24
Q

Fibrous joint - types

A

Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles

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25
Q

Fibrous joints - syndesmoses

A 
Unites bone with fibrous sheet 
Interserous membrane (ie - between radius and ulna)
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26
Q

Fibrous joints - sutures

A

Between the bones of the skull

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27
Q

Fibrous joints - fontanelles

A

Present in foetal skull before sutures develop

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28
Q 
Cartilaginous joint 
(stability, mobility)
A

More stability

Less mobility

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29
Q

Primary cartilaginous joints

A

Growth plates

eg: epiphyseal growth plate

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30
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints

A

eg: intervertebral discs, pubic symphesis

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31
Q 
Synovial joints 
(stability, mobility)
A

Less stability
More mobility
(eg: elbow, ear)

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32
Q

Synovial joints - uniaxial (+pivot, +plane, +hinge)

A

uniaxial - 1 plane of movement
pivot joint - purely rotates (craniovertebral joint)
plane joint - paper rubbing (acromiclavicular joint)
Hinge joint - flexion&extension (elbow)

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33
Q

Synovial joints - biaxial (+eg)

A

2 planes of movement

eg - joints of the hand

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34
Q

Synovial joints - multiaxial (+ball and socket)

A

move in 3 planes of movement

eg: shoulders and hip

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35
Q

Tubercle

A

Bump on a bone

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36
Q

Condyl

A

Large, rounded area

37
Q

Structure of bone

A

outer cortex - strong, dense
inner medulla - spongy, porus
central medullary cavity - contains bone marrow
periosteum - coats outside of bone

38
Q

Each bone contains

A

diaphysis - shaft in the middle
metaphysis
epiphyseal growth plate
epiphysis

39
Q

Fracture healing

A

initial healing - callus formation around fracture
Callus remodelling - resuming normal shape
healed bone

40
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull - facial skeleton & cranial vault
Bones of the neck - cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone
Bones of the trunk - chest, abdomen, back

41
Q

Bones of the cranial vault

A 
1 x frontal 
1 x sphenoid (butterfly)
2 x temporal 
2 x parietal 
1 x occipital
42
Q

Bones of the facial skeleton

A

Mandible - chin
Maxilla - cheek
Zygomatic arch - cheekbone
Nasal bone - nose

43
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the pectoral girdle - scapulae, clavicles
Bones of the upper limbs
Bones of the pelvic girdle - hip bones, sacrum
Bones of the lower limbs

44
Q

How many vertebrae in total?

A

33

45
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7
All have a foramen in each transverse process
C1 (atlas) - no body, no spinous process
C2 (axis) - odontoid process
C7 - first palpable spinous process

46
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12

47
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5

48
Q

Sacrum

A

5 sacral parts

49
Q

Coccyx

A

4 coccygeal parts

50
Q

Vertebrae features

A

Spinous process
Transverse process (x2)
Vertebral foramen - transmits & protects spinal cord
Vertebral arch - lamina & pedicle (protect spinal cord)
Articular process

51
Q

Facet joint

A

Between 2 articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae

52
Q

Ribs (true, false, floating)

A

True: 1-7 (attach via costal cartilage to sternum)
False: 8-10 (attach via costal cartilage above to sternum)
Floating: 11&12 (don’t attach to sternum)

53
Q

Arch of aorta (branches and what they supply)

A 
Supplies head, neck, arms 
Brachiocephalic trunk 
- right common carotid artery 
- right subclavian artery 
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
54
Q

Where does thoracic (descending) aorta perforate the diaphragm?

A

Aortic hiatus (T12)

55
Q

Mediastinal contents on CXR

A

Aortic arch (buldge)
Descending aorta
RA, LV heart border
Diaphragm

56
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

Continuation of the thoracic aorta

57
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into common iliac?

A

L4

58
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Involuntary

59
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Non striated

Involuntary

60
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated

Voluntary

61
Q

Circular skeletal muscle example

A

orbicularis oris

62
Q

Fusiform skeletal muscle example

A

Biceps brachii

  • spans anterior shoulder joint (flexion of shoulder)
  • spans anterior elbow joint (flexion of elbow)
  • spans anterior proximal radioulnar joint (suppination)
63
Q

Pennate skeletal muscle example

A

Deltoid

  • only crosses shoulder joint
  • 3 origins, 1 insertion
64
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Flattened tendon

65
Q

Reflexes

A

Nerve connections are at spinal cord level

66
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Tendon hammer used

Causes contraction

67
Q

Flexion withdrawl reflex

A

Touch a hot surface and quickly retract hand

68
Q

Reflex arc

A

Sensory nerve detects stretch
Spinal cord synapse
Motor nerve passes message to muscle to contract

69
Q

Muscle paralysis

A

A muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
Can’t move
Reduced muscle tone

70
Q

Muscle spasticity

A

Muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve supply
Descending controls from brain aren’t working
Muscle over contracts
Increased muscle tone

71
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid cell produced in the gonads

72
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell

Fertilised egg cell

73
Q

Fertilisation

A

Ovam moves from ovary to ampulla of uterine tube

Spermatazoa move from testes to vagina

74
Q

Female pouches

A

Vesico-uterine

Recto-uterine (pouch of douglas)

75
Q

Female reproductive organs

A

Ovaries

76
Q

Female accessory reproductive organs

A

Uterus, uterine tubes, vagina

77
Q

Menstruation

A

Ova develop in ovaries
Each cycle, 1 ovum is released to peritoneal cavity
Ovum wafted by fimbre to infundibulum of uterine tubes
Moved along uterine tube by cilia
Unfertilised ovum expelled by myometrium contractions

78
Q

Where does implantation occur?

A

In the body of the uterus

79
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Fertilised ovum implants outwith uterine cavity

80
Q

Female sterilisation

A

Tubule ligation - uterine tubes are clipped

81
Q

Testes

A

Located in the scrotum

82
Q

Vas deferens

A

Tube sperm passes through
It joins with the duct from a seminal gland to form ejaculatory duct containing semen
R&L ejaculatory duct join with prostate gland and drain into urethra

83
Q

Sperm

A

Produced in seminiferous tubules
Passes into rate test
then head of epidymis which becomes vas deferens

84
Q

What is the function of dartos muscle

A

To control the temperature of the sperm (wrinkles in scrotal skin)

85
Q

Spermatic cord constituents

A

Testicular artery
Vas deferens
Pampiform plexus of veins

86
Q

Male reproductive organs

A

Testes

87
Q

Male accessory reproductive organs

A

Vas deferens
Seminal glands
Penis
Prostate gland

88
Q

Male sterilisation

A

Vasectomy

Principles SOH (5 decks)

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