Anatomy

Question 1

Name the 4 pairs of sinuses

Answer 1

• Frontal
• Maxillary sinuses
• Ethmoid sinuses
• Sphenoid sinuses

Question 2

Describe the anatomy of the maxillary sinuses

Answer 2

Maxillary sinuses
-largest of the sinuses
-located in the body of maxilla
-pyramidal in shape
-Apex contains the zygomatic process
-Floor contains alveolar process
-Drains into the nose via the OSTIA hole
-opens into the middle meatus
-location of openings is the semilunar hiatus, underneath the frontal sinus opening
This is a potential pathway for spread of infection – fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus.

Question 3

Describe the anatomy of the ethmoid sinuses

Answer 3

Ethmoid sinuses
-There are 3, they empty into different places:
Anterior – Hiatus semilunaris
Middle – Ethmoid bulla
Posterior – Superior meatus

• between the eyes
• labyrinth of air sacs (like an aero choc bar)
• nerve supply is ophthalmic and maxillary nerve

Question 4

Describe the anatomy of the sphenoid sinuses

Answer 4

Sphenoid sinuses

• medial to the cavernous sinus, carotid artery III, IV, V, VI
• inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
• ophthalmic V
• relatively superiorly, at the level of the spheno-ethmodial recess.
• more posteriorly, and are related superiorly and laterally to the cranial cavity.
• drain out onto the roof of the nasal cavity.
• the pituitary gland can be surgically accessed via passing through the nasal roof, into the sphenoid sinus and through the sphenoid bone.

Question 5

Describe the anatomy of the frontal sinuses

Answer 5

Frontal sinuses

• vary in size, always triangular
• midline septum
• ophthalmic nerve V
• drain into the nasal cavity via the frontonasal duct, which opens out at the hiatus semilunaris on the lateral wall
• most superior sinus, located above eyebrows

Question 6

What epithelium commonly called ‘Respiratory Epithelium’ lines the trachea?

Answer 6

Pseudo-Stratified Ciliated Columnar

Question 7

Give three functions that the epithelium does to protect against pathogens?

Answer 7

Secretes mucous, mucociliary escalator, stimulates cough reflex

Question 8

What cell found in blood is a macrophage derived from?

Answer 8

Monocyte