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2nd Year - ENT > Anatomy 5 - Larynx > Flashcards

Anatomy 5 - Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What fascia of the neck is the larynx enclosed within?

A

Pretracheal fascia

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2
Q

What structures are enclosed within the pre tracheal fascia? (5)

A 
Strap muscles
Thyroid gland
Trachea and larynx
Oesophagus and pharynx 
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
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3
Q

What layer of the pre tracheal fascia is the larynx located in?

A

Visceral layer

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4
Q

What is the function of the strap muscles?

A

Accessory muscles of breathing

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5
Q

What nerves interact the strap muscles?

A

C1, 2 and 3 nerve roots

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6
Q

Region of the pharynx from the epiglottis to the oesophagus?

A

Laryngopharynx

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7
Q

Contents of the carotid sheath?

A 
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Deep vertical lymph nodes
CN X
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8
Q

What vertebral levels does the larynx lie between?

A

C4-C6

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9
Q

Name of bony part palpable at the posterior base of the skull?

A

External occipital protuberance

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10
Q

What process reduces the chance of aspiration?

A

Rising of the larynx towards the oesophagus

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11
Q

What reflex is engaged if aspiration occurs?

A

Cough reflex

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12
Q

What direction does the epiglottis move aiding the closure of the laryngeal inlet?

A

Posteriorly

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13
Q

If something is aspirated, what lung is it most likely to go down?

A

Right lung

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14
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Palate

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15
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

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16
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Component of the respiratory tract from cartilage, joined by connective tissue and suspended from the hyoid bone which is moved by muscles -> contains the “voice box”

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17
Q

3 functions of larynx?

A

Maintain potency of URT
Cartilages help prevent entry of foreign bodies into LRT
Vocal cords and cough reflex produce sound

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18
Q

What is the larynx located between?

A

Pharynx and trachea

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19
Q

Name of the sheet of connective tissue located between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

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20
Q

Name of the part of the thyroid cartilage posteriorly which sticks up?

A

Superior horn of the thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

Name of the part of the thyroid cartilage posteriorly that sticks down?

A

Inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

Name of the part of the thyroid cartilage which forms the Adam’s apple?

A

Laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartialge

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23
Q

Name of the cartilage below the thyroid cartilage?

A

Cricoid cartialge

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24
Q

Name of the joint between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid joint

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25
Q

What shape are the tracheal rings?

A

C-shaped

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26
Q

Difference between epiglottis in adults and neonates?

A

More floppy in neonates

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27
Q

Name of the large flat bit of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Lamina

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28
Q

Small cartilages located on the posterior side of the larynx just above the cricoid cartilage?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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29
Q

Joint between the cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages?

A

Cricoarytenoid joint

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30
Q

What are the 2 processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Muscular process

Vocal process

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31
Q

Describe the cricoid pressure manoeuvre

A

Press on the cricoid cartilage
Lamina of the cricoid cartilage compresses the oesophagus by pressing it against the C6 vertebral body
Oesophagus is closed by the larynx/ airway is open
Prevents regurgitation/ aspiration
Allows ventilation

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32
Q

Other name for the laryngeal inlet?

A

Aditus

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33
Q

Name for the top part of the larynx?

A

Laryngeal vestibule

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34
Q

Other name for the vestibular fold?

A

False vocal cord

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35
Q

Part of the larynx between the false vocal cord and true vocal cord?

A

Laryngeal ventricle

36
Q

Other name for the vocal fold?

A

True vocal cord

37
Q

Part of the larynx below the true vocal cord?

A

Infra-glottic cavity

38
Q

What are vocal cords?

A

Free borders of mucosa covered connective tissue in the larynx

39
Q

What makes the true vocal cords?

A

Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartialge

40
Q

What is the vocal process between that forms the false vocal cord?

A

Arytenoid cartilage to epiglottis

41
Q

What does the quadrangular membrane run between?

A

Vestibular ligament and epiglottis

42
Q

What makes up the vestibular fold along with mucosa?

A

Vestibular ligament

43
Q

Name of the elastic fibres between the vocal ligament and cricoid?

A

Conus elasticus

44
Q

Name of the thickened free upper border of the conus elasticus?

A

Vocal ligament

45
Q

Name of the space between the epiglottis and tongue?

46
Q

Name of the space between the true vocal cords?

A

Rima glottidis

47
Q

Name of the superior border of the quadrangular membrane?

A

Aryepiglottic fold

48
Q

What is the name for the true vocal cords and space between them?

A

Glottis (vs rima glottides which is the space only)

49
Q

What type of muscles are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Skeletal msucles

50
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Located between cartilages causing movement of the vocal cords

51
Q

Effect of increasing tension of vocal cords?

A

Increases pitch

52
Q

Effect of adduction of vocal cords?

53
Q

Effect of abduction of vocal cords?

54
Q

What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

CN X (vagus nerve) -> all via inferior laryngeal nerve (apart form circiothyroid)

55
Q

Tensors of the vocal cords?

A

Cricothyroid muscles

56
Q

Relaxors of the vocal cords?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscles

57
Q

Adductors of the vocal cords?

A

Lateral circo-arytenoid muscles

Arytenoid muscles

58
Q

Abductors of the vocal cords?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles

59
Q

What effect do the cricothyroid muscles have?

A

Tenses vocal ligament increasing pitch (high voice) -> “nods” thyroid cartilage

60
Q

Attachments of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Anterolateral cricoid cartilage to inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

61
Q

Effect of thyroarytenoid muscles?

A

Relaxes vocal ligament decreasing pitch (lowering voice)

62
Q

Attachments of thyroarytenoid muscles?

A

Posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage

63
Q

Effect of lateral circa-arytenoid muscles?

A

Adducts/ brings vocal ligaments together making voice quieter

64
Q

Attachments of lateral circa-arytenoid muscles?

A

Muscular process of the arytenoid to anterior cricoid cartilage (muscle twists on its axis)

65
Q

Effect of arytenoid muscles?

A

Adducts/ brings vocal ligaments together making voice quieter by closing rima glottidis

66
Q

Attachments of the arytenoid muscles?

A

One arytenoid cartilage to another arytenoid cartilage

67
Q

Name of the 2 different bands of the arytenoid muscles?

A

Oblique band

Transverse band

68
Q

Effect of posterior circa-arytenoid muscles?

A

Abducts vocal cords making voice louder by opening rima glottidis

69
Q

Attachments of the posterior circa-arytenoid muscles?

A

Posterior cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

70
Q

Shape of rima glottidis during forced respiration?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoids contract = vocal cords open = big rima glottidis

71
Q

Shape of rima glottidis during phonation?

A

Arytenoids contract, assist lateral crico-arytenoids = vocal cords closed (no rima glottidis)

72
Q

Shape of rima glottidis when whispering?

A

Lateral crico-arytenoids contract = only posterior part of vocal cords open

73
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and/ or intercostal muscles

74
Q

What muscles are involved in controlled expiration?

A

Contraction of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (helps build pressure in respiratory tree inferior to larynx) -> pressure required depends on vocal task

75
Q

What is phonation?

A

Production of sound in the larynx

76
Q

How is phonation produced?

A

Expiration of a stream of air across vocal cords

Length/ tension of vocal cords dictates pitch by vibration of the cords

77
Q

Name for production of a recognisable sound within the oral or nasal cavities?

A

Articulation

78
Q

How are oral sounds produced?

A

Soft palate tenses (CN V3) and elevates (CN X) to close off entrance into nasopharynx direction stream of air through the oral cavity
Sound interrupted by the tongue and teeth and lips (CN VII) to produce most vowels and consonants

79
Q

How are nasal sounds produced?

A

Soft palate tenses (CN V3) and descends (CN X) to close off entrance into oropharynx
Directs stream of air through nasal cavities
Produces one of 3 sounds “m”, “n” or “ing” depending on position of tongue (CN XII) teeth and lips (CN VII)

80
Q

What nerve supplies the mucosa above the vocal folds?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

81
Q

What nerve supplies the mucosa below the vocal folds?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

82
Q

What branch of the vagus nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External laryngeal nerve

83
Q

What does recurrent laryngeal nerve become at the level of the cricothyroid joint?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

84
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around?

A

The arch of the aorta

85
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around?

A

The subclavian artery

86
Q

What skull foramen does the vagus nerve pass through?

A

The jugular foramen

87
Q

What does the vagus nerve descend through the neck within?

A

the carotid sheath

2nd Year - ENT (7 decks)

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