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2nd Year - ENT > Anatomy 2 - Ear > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 - Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical divisions of the ear?

A

External ear Middle ear Inner ear

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2
Q

Functional divisions of the ear?

A

Hearing (auditory system) Balance (vestibular system)

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3
Q

What skull bone are all parts of the ear located in?

A

Temporal bone

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4
Q

Name of the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join together?

A

Pterion

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5
Q

What is an important fact about the pterion?

A

It is the thinnest part of the skull

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6
Q

Shape of the suture in the pterion?

A

H-shaped

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7
Q

What cranial nerves pass through the temporal bone?

A

Facial (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

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8
Q

Part of the temporal bone which can be seen from the lateral side? (6)

A

Squamous part Petrous part External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process

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9
Q

What features of the temporal bone can you only see from the inferior surface? (3)

A

Mandibular fossa Stylomastoid foramen Extra cranial opening into carotid canal

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10
Q

What foramen are located in the temporal bone and what surfaces of the skull can they be seen from? (5)

A

Stylomastoid foramen (inferior base) Carotid canal (inferior base) Internal acoustic meatus (superior base) Jugular foramen (both superior and inferior base) External acoustic meatus (lateral)

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11
Q

What passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Facial nerve Stylomastoid artery

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12
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery

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13
Q

What CNs pass through the anterior cranial fossa?

A

CNs I

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14
Q

What CNs pass through the middle cranial fossa?

A

CNs II -> VI

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15
Q

What CNs pass through the posterior cranial fossa?

A

CNs VII -> XII

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16
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII (facial nerve) CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) Labyrinthine artery (+ vein)

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17
Q

What is the Labyrinthine artery a branch from?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery From circle of willis

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18
Q

Where is the external ear located?

A

Auricle to tympanic membrane via external acoustic meatus

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19
Q

Where is the middle ear located?

A

Tympanic membrane to oval window + eustachian tube

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20
Q

Where is the internal ear located?

A

Oval window to internal acoustic meatus

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the external ear?

A

Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the middle ear?

A

Amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the internal ear?

A

Converts special sensory information into fluid waves -> APs -> conducts APs to brain

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24
Q

What makes up the skeleton of the external ear?

A

Temporal bone Elastic cartilage

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25
Q

How does the skeleton of the external ear gain nutrition?

A

From the skin (as it is avascular)

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26
Q

What is the ear canal composed of?

A

1/3 cartilage, 2/3 bone and lined with skin

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27
Q

How does the ear canal produce ear wax?

A

via ceruminous glands

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28
Q

What part of the temporal bone is the ear located in?

A

Petrous part

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29
Q

What is the name for the part of the external ear that is visible and resides outwith the head?

A

Auricle (pinna)

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30
Q

Name of the top rounded part of the ear?

A

Helix

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31
Q

Name of the part of the ear below the helix?

A

Anti-helix

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32
Q

Name of the part of the ear anterior to the anti-helix?

A

Conchae

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33
Q

Name of the part of the ear superio-anterior to the ear lobe?

A

Tragus

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34
Q

Name of the part lateral and superior to the ear lobe?

A

Anti-tragus

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35
Q

What nerve supplies the orange part?

A

C2, 3 spinal nerves

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36
Q

What nerve supplies the purple part?

A

C2, 3 spinal nerves

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37
Q

What nerve supplies the yellow part?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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38
Q

What nerve supplies the green part? (and the majority of the tympanic membrane)

A

CN V3

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39
Q

What nerve supplies the blue part? (and the inferior 3rd of the tympanic membrane)

A

CN X

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40
Q

What lymph nodes does the anterior part of the superior ear drain to?

A

Parotid lymph nodes

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41
Q

What lymph nodes does the psoterior surface of the superior half of the ear drain to?

A

Mastoid lymph nodes (and deep cervical)

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42
Q

What lymph nodes does the inferior part of the auricle drain to?

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

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43
Q

Where does all lymph from the auricle eventually drain to?

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes (in carotid sheath) then the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct to the venous angle

44
Q

How to straighten EAM in a child?

A

Gently pull auricle posteroinferiorly

45
Q

How to straigthern the EAM in adults?

A

Gently pull auricle posterosuperiorly (slightly curved)

46
Q

Most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane?

A

Umbo

47
Q

Where is the cone of light normally viewed on the tympanic membrane?

A

Anteroinferiorly

48
Q

Name of the thick part of the tympanic membrane positioned posteroinferiorly?

A

Pars tensa

49
Q

Nmae of the thin part of the tympanic membrane superiorly?

A

Pars flaccida

50
Q

Name of the branch of CN V3 that supplies the majority of the external tympanic membrane?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

51
Q

Innervation of the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

CN IX

52
Q

3 bones of the middle ear?

A

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

53
Q

2 muscles of the middle ear?

A

Stapedius

Tensor tympani

54
Q

What nerve branches does te middle ear contain?

A

Facial nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

55
Q

What type of joints join the auditory ossicles?

A

Synovial joints

56
Q

Name of the part of the malleus adherent to the internal aspect of the tympanic membrane?

A

Handle of the malleus (creates the umbo)

57
Q

What is attached to the handle of the malleulus on the medial side?

A

Tensor tympani muscle

58
Q

Area of the middle ear superior to the tympanic membrane?

A

Epitympanic recess

59
Q

Name of the base of the stapes?

What does this attach to in order to connect to the inner ear?

A

Footplate of the stapes

Oval window

60
Q

Innervation to tensor tympani muscle?

A

CN V3

61
Q

Purpose of the inner ear muscles?

A

Dampen unwanted sounds

62
Q

What cranial fossa is the middle ear located under?

A

Middle

63
Q

Nerve supply to the strapedius muscle?

A

CN VII

64
Q

What nerve passes through the tympanic cavity without supplying anything within it?

A

Chorda tympani

65
Q

What is the name of the doorway into the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess?

A

Aditus

66
Q

Name of inflammation of the mastoid air cells?

How does this often occur?

A

Mastoiditis

Spread of infection from middle ear cavity

67
Q

What is the facial canal?

A

A Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid formamen

68
Q

What is the name of the bony swelling on the medial wall of the middle ear formed by the cochela of the inner ear?

A

Right promontory

69
Q

2 other names for the eustachian tube?

A

Auditory tube

Pharyngotympanic tube

70
Q

What is the purpose of the eustachian tube?

A

Connects the anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

71
Q

What problem can the Eustachian tube cause?

A

Allows spread of infection between the phyarnx/ tonsil to the ear and vice versa

72
Q

How can tonsillitis or pharyngitis mimic earache?

A

Commone sensory nerve supply (CN IX) = referred pain

73
Q

Other name for the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Adenoid

74
Q

Sensory nerve supply of pharynx?

A

Naso/ oropharynx = CN IX

Laryngopharynx = CN X

75
Q

Where does the facial nerve connect to the CNS?

A

Brainstem at pontomedullary junction

76
Q

What is chorda tympani a branch from?

A

CN VII

77
Q

What does chorda tympani supply?

A

Taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

Parasympathetic supply to the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands

78
Q

Purpose of the stapedius?

A

Reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear against excessive noise (tensor tympani dampens the noise produced by chewing)

79
Q

Where does the chorda tympani branch from CN VII?

A

Just above the stylomastoid process

80
Q

What does chorda tympani connect to?

A

The lingual nerve branch of CN V3 (rest of CN VII goes onto supply the msucles of facial expression)

81
Q

Name of facial expression muscle just over frontal bone?

A

Frontalis

82
Q

Name of facial expression muscle around eye?

A

Obicularis oculi

83
Q

Name of facial expression muscle around mouth?

A

Obicularis oris

84
Q

Name of the border around the lips?

A

Vermillion border of lips

85
Q

What bone is the inner ear located in?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

86
Q

What are the 2 parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve (`CN VIII) and what is each conerned with?

A

Cochlear nerve (hearing)

Vestibular nerve (balance)

87
Q

What is the otic capsule?

A

The rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone

88
Q

What is located within the otic capsule?

A

Bony labyrinth

89
Q

What is the bony labyrinth?

A

Fluid (perilymph) filled space inside the otic capsule

90
Q

What is suspended within the perilymph of the bony labyrinth?

A

Membranous labyrinth

91
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth?

A

Communicating sacs and ducts containg endolymph fluid

92
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cochlea?

A

Cupula (apex of spiral)

2nd turn

1st turn

93
Q

How many turns does the cochlea contain?

A

2.5 turns

94
Q

Name of the 2 semicircular canals?

A

Superior/ lateral/ posterior semicircular canal

95
Q

Name of the long balloon like structure within the cochlea filled with endolymph?

A

Cochlear duct

96
Q

Name of the inter-linked balloon-like strctutres within the semicircular canals filled with endolymph?

A

Semicircular ducts

97
Q

What parts of the ear make up the balancing apparatus?

A

Vestibule (with utricle and saccule)

Semicircular canals (with ampullae)

98
Q

Where are the hair cells in the vestibular apparatus located?

A

In maculae (clusters of hair cells)

99
Q

What type of movement does the semicircular canals detect?

A

Angular movement changes

100
Q

What type of movement does the urticle and saccule detect?

A

Urticle = horizontal

Saccule = verticle

101
Q

Explain sound transmission?

A

1) Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate
2) Vibrations transmitted through ossicles
3) Base of stapes vibrates in oval window
4) Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph
5) Hair cells in the cochlea are moved, APs stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
6) Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
7) Pressure waves are dampened at the round window

102
Q

What is the part of the cochlea that detects auditory stimuli?

A

Organ of corti (located on the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct)

103
Q

How is the cochlear duct suspended in the cochlea?

A

By the spiral ligament

104
Q

How does the cochlear duct divide the cochlear canal?

A

Into the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

105
Q
A

2nd Year - ENT (7 decks)

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