Anatomy 1 - Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards
1
Q
What is the nasal cavity?
A
Large air-filled space above and behind the nose (extends to the nasopharynx)
2
Q
What are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity?
A
Acts as a patent conduit for air to be transported to the nasopharynx
Filters air of particulate material
Humidifies air
Warms air inspired in the nasal passage
Sense of smell as air passes over the olfactory epithelium
3
Q
What filters air in the nasal cavity?
A
Vibrissae (small hairs)
4
Q
What humidifies air in the nasal cavity?
A
Glands
5
Q
What warms inspired air in the nasal passage?
A
Blood
6
Q
Name of the external opening of the nasal cavity? (other name)
A
Nostril/ Nares
7
Q
Name of the upper least protruding part of the nose?
A
Root
8
Q
Name of the winged part above a nostril?
A
Ala
9
Q
Name of the part of the nose between the tip and root?
A
Dorsum
10
Q
Name of the part separating the 2 nostrils?
A
Septum
11
Q
Name of the groove in the middle of the upper lip?
A
Philtrum of upper lip
12
Q
What type of cartilage makes up the tip of the nose?
A
Hyaline
13
Q
Is the nasal septum made up of cartilage or bone?
A
Both
14
Q
Name for the larger clusters of nasal cartilage?
A
Major cartilage
15
Q
Name for the smaller clusters of nasal cartilage?
A
Minor cartilage
16
Q
Cranial bones? (8)
A
Frontal Occipital Ethmoid Sphenoid Parietal (2) Temporal (2)
17
Q
What bones form the superior portion of the nose?
A
Nasal bone (paired)
18
Q
What bone contributes to part of the roof, lateral walls and septum of the nasal cavity?
A
Ethmoid bone
19
Q
What forms the nasal septum?
A
Anteriorly = septal cartialge (hyaline cartilage) Postero-superiorly = perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Postero-inferiorly = vomer
20
Q
What bone forms the inferior nasal concha?
A
Inferior nasal conchae = bone in itself
21
Q
Name of the lateral part of the ethmoid bone that forms part of the orbit?
A
Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
22
Q
Name for sinuses within the ethmoid bone?
A
Ethmoidal air cells
23
Q
What bone forms the middle and superior nasal conchae?
A
Ehtmoid bone
24
Q
Name of the part of the ethmoid bone that the olfactory nerve pierces?
A
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
25
Name of the median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?
Crista galli (located in anterior cranial fossa)
26
What bone forms the anterior part of the palate?
Maxilla
27
What bone forms the posterior part of the palate?
Palatine bone
28
What bones contribute to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
inferior nasal concha
Palatine bone
Maxilla
29
Where is the palatine bone located?
between the sphenoid and maxilla
30
Is the palatine bone one or paired?
Paired -> 2 L shaped bones that pair to form part of the palate and nasal cavity
31
Which is the largest nasal conchae?
Inferior concha
32
What type of skull fractures can affect the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and therefore cause anosmia?
Le Fort II
Le Fort III
Basillar skull fracture
(can also disrupt the paranasal sinuses and cause leakage of CSF through the nose)
33
What is the name of the most anterior part of the nasal cartilage that is enclosed by cartilage?
Nasal vestibule
34
What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule?
Stratified squamous epithelium (as you go into the nose, you go from keratinised (skin) to non-keratinised)
35
Type of epithelium that forms the main part of the nasal cavity?
Respiratory epithelium (contain cilia)
36
Type of epithelium that forms the very superior part of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium (allows you to smell)
37
What CN allows you to smell?
CN I = olfactory
38
Olfactory pathway?
```
Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium
Pass up through the cribriform plate
Synapse with olfactory bulb (ganglion)
Neurones then pass along olfactory tract
Pass to temporal lobe and olfactory area
(think of a toothbrush)
```
39
What is the name for the sense of smell?
Olfaction
40
Somatic sensory innervation to the nasal cavity (in general)?
superior triangle = CN V1 (ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve)
Inferior triangle = CN V2 (maxillary division of trigeminal nerve)
*line taken from nostrils to sphenoidal sinus
41
What is the name of the specific nerve that provides somatic sensory innervation to the superior/ anterior triangle of the nasal cavity?
What foramen does it pass through?
Anterior ethmoidal nerve (CN V1)
Anterior ethmoidal foramen
(there is a posterior ethmoidal nerve but it is sometimes not present)
42
What is the name of the specific nerve that provides somatic sensory innervation to the inferior/ posterior triangle of the nasal cavity?
What foramen does it pass through?
```
Nasopalatine nerve (CN V2)
Sphenopalatine foramen
```
43
What artery does the ophthalmic artery branch from?
The internal carotid artery
44
what artery does the facial artery branch from?
The external carotid artery
45
What artery does the maxillary artery branch from?
The external carotid artery
46
What does the external and internal carotid arteries branch from?
The common carotid artery
47
What are the name of the 2 arteries that supply the lips and what do they branch from?
Superior and inferior labial artery
| Branch from facial artery (which branches from the external carotid artery)
48
Name the 5 arteries that supply the nasal cavity?
```
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery
Lateral nasal artery
Greater palatine artery
Sphenopalatine artery
```
49
What arteries which supply the nasal cavity branch from the ophthalmic artery?
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
50
What artery supplies the septum of the lip?
Septal branch of superior labial artery
51
What arteries which supply the nasal cavity branches from the maxillary artery?
Shpenopalatine and gerater palatine arteries
52
Which artery which supplies the nasal cavity branches from the facial artery?
Lateral nasal artery
53
What's the name of the site in the anterior inferior part of the nasal septum where anastomosis occurs between the arterial contributions of the nasal cavity?
Kiesselbach's (Little's) area
54
Why should we be careful of Kiesslebach's area?
If we disrupt it = epitaxis
55
Area above the superior nasal conchae?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
56
Area between the superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha?
Superior meatus
57
Area between the middle and inferior nasal conchae?
middle meatus
58
Area below the inferior nasal concha?
Inferior meatus
59
What opening is located in the lateral wall of the nasophayrnx?
The opening of the eustachian/ auditory/ pharyngotympanic tube
60
When inserting an NG tube, un which direction should you direct the tube?
Straight back towards the ear (beware of Little's area)
61
What are conchae often referred to due to the effect they have on airflow?
Turbinates (cause turbulent airflow)
62
What is the purpose of conchae producing turbulent airflow in the nasal cavity?
Increases opportunity for humidifying, warming and filtering
63
What activity in the nasal mucosa impacts on airflow?
Engorgement of the nasal mucosa
64
Nasal cycle of engorgement?
One side will be engorged then change to the other side every 1-5 hours
65
What causes engorgement of the nasal mucosa?
Erectile tissue (arteriovenous)
66
What are sinuses?
Open spaces within bones
67
what are the 4 bilateral pairs of sinuses associated with the nasal cavity?
Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
68
What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
Respiratory epithelium
69
What paranasal sinuses are sometimes connected in certain people?
The frontal sinuses
70
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain to?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
71
Where does the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain to?
Superior meatus
72
Where does the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus and anterior ethmoidal air cells drain to?
Semilunar hiatus which drains to the middle meatus (along with the semilunar hiatus)
73
Where does the middle ethmoidal air cells drain to?
Ethmoidal bulla which drains to the middle meatus (along with the semilunar hiatus)
74
Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?
The inferior meatus
75
Where is the lacrimal gland located in relation to the eye?
Superior lateral part
76
Where does lacrimal fluid drain?
Inferomedially to the lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus (this is why your nose runs when you cry)
77
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the mucosa in 1 or more of the paranasal sinuses
78
How odes sinusitis develop?
Cilia of respiraotry mucosa waft mucous towards ostia
viral untie can cause swelling of mucosa, reducing diameter of ostia
Sinuses can become filled with infected mucous and pressure builds
79
How can sinus infection spread to optic nerve?
Increased pressure in ethmoid can break the medial wall of the orbit and impact the eye/ spread the infection to the optic nerve
80
Why is sinusitis painful?
Sensation provided by CN V1 and V2 and may be referred to teeth
81
What sinus is predisposed to infection?
Maxillary sinus
82
Why is the maxillary sinus predisposed to infection?
ostium is located superior in relation to cavity = cilia must work against gravity
83
Name for communication between maxillary sinus and tooth socket?
Oro-antral fistula
84
How can oro-antral fistula lead to maxillary sinusitis? (2)
Tooth infection can lead to sinus infections if the roots pierce upwards into sinus or if improper closure of oro-antral fistula (be cautious as sinusitis pain can be referred to the teeth and present as toothache)
