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2nd Year - ENT > Anatomy 1 - Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 - Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

Large air-filled space above and behind the nose (extends to the nasopharynx)

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Acts as a patent conduit for air to be transported to the nasopharynx
Filters air of particulate material
Humidifies air
Warms air inspired in the nasal passage
Sense of smell as air passes over the olfactory epithelium

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3
Q

What filters air in the nasal cavity?

A

Vibrissae (small hairs)

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4
Q

What humidifies air in the nasal cavity?

A

Glands

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5
Q

What warms inspired air in the nasal passage?

A

Blood

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6
Q

Name of the external opening of the nasal cavity? (other name)

A

Nostril/ Nares

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7
Q

Name of the upper least protruding part of the nose?

A

Root

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8
Q

Name of the winged part above a nostril?

A

Ala

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9
Q

Name of the part of the nose between the tip and root?

A

Dorsum

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10
Q

Name of the part separating the 2 nostrils?

A

Septum

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11
Q

Name of the groove in the middle of the upper lip?

A

Philtrum of upper lip

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12
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the tip of the nose?

A

Hyaline

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13
Q

Is the nasal septum made up of cartilage or bone?

A

Both

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14
Q

Name for the larger clusters of nasal cartilage?

A

Major cartilage

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15
Q

Name for the smaller clusters of nasal cartilage?

A

Minor cartilage

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16
Q

Cranial bones? (8)

A 
Frontal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
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17
Q

What bones form the superior portion of the nose?

A

Nasal bone (paired)

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18
Q

What bone contributes to part of the roof, lateral walls and septum of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone

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19
Q

What forms the nasal septum?

A 
Anteriorly = septal cartialge (hyaline cartilage)
Postero-superiorly = perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Postero-inferiorly = vomer
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20
Q

What bone forms the inferior nasal concha?

A

Inferior nasal conchae = bone in itself

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21
Q

Name of the lateral part of the ethmoid bone that forms part of the orbit?

A

Orbital plate of ethmoid bone

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22
Q

Name for sinuses within the ethmoid bone?

A

Ethmoidal air cells

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23
Q

What bone forms the middle and superior nasal conchae?

A

Ehtmoid bone

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24
Q

Name of the part of the ethmoid bone that the olfactory nerve pierces?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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25
Q

Name of the median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Crista galli (located in anterior cranial fossa)

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26
Q

What bone forms the anterior part of the palate?

A

Maxilla

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27
Q

What bone forms the posterior part of the palate?

A

Palatine bone

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28
Q

What bones contribute to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone
inferior nasal concha
Palatine bone
Maxilla

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29
Q

Where is the palatine bone located?

A

between the sphenoid and maxilla

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30
Q

Is the palatine bone one or paired?

A

Paired -> 2 L shaped bones that pair to form part of the palate and nasal cavity

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31
Q

Which is the largest nasal conchae?

A

Inferior concha

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32
Q

What type of skull fractures can affect the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and therefore cause anosmia?

A

Le Fort II
Le Fort III
Basillar skull fracture
(can also disrupt the paranasal sinuses and cause leakage of CSF through the nose)

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33
Q

What is the name of the most anterior part of the nasal cartilage that is enclosed by cartilage?

A

Nasal vestibule

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34
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (as you go into the nose, you go from keratinised (skin) to non-keratinised)

35
Q

Type of epithelium that forms the main part of the nasal cavity?

A

Respiratory epithelium (contain cilia)

36
Q

Type of epithelium that forms the very superior part of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory epithelium (allows you to smell)

37
Q

What CN allows you to smell?

A

CN I = olfactory

38
Q

Olfactory pathway?

A 
Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium
Pass up through the cribriform plate
Synapse with olfactory bulb (ganglion)
Neurones then pass along olfactory tract
Pass to temporal lobe and olfactory area
(think of a toothbrush)
39
Q

What is the name for the sense of smell?

40
Q

Somatic sensory innervation to the nasal cavity (in general)?

A

superior triangle = CN V1 (ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve)
Inferior triangle = CN V2 (maxillary division of trigeminal nerve)
*line taken from nostrils to sphenoidal sinus

41
Q

What is the name of the specific nerve that provides somatic sensory innervation to the superior/ anterior triangle of the nasal cavity?
What foramen does it pass through?

A

Anterior ethmoidal nerve (CN V1)
Anterior ethmoidal foramen

(there is a posterior ethmoidal nerve but it is sometimes not present)

42
Q

What is the name of the specific nerve that provides somatic sensory innervation to the inferior/ posterior triangle of the nasal cavity?
What foramen does it pass through?

A 
Nasopalatine nerve (CN V2)
Sphenopalatine foramen
43
Q

What artery does the ophthalmic artery branch from?

A

The internal carotid artery

44
Q

what artery does the facial artery branch from?

A

The external carotid artery

45
Q

What artery does the maxillary artery branch from?

A

The external carotid artery

46
Q

What does the external and internal carotid arteries branch from?

A

The common carotid artery

47
Q

What are the name of the 2 arteries that supply the lips and what do they branch from?

A

Superior and inferior labial artery

Branch from facial artery (which branches from the external carotid artery)

48
Q

Name the 5 arteries that supply the nasal cavity?

A 
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery
Lateral nasal artery
Greater palatine artery
Sphenopalatine artery
49
Q

What arteries which supply the nasal cavity branch from the ophthalmic artery?

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

50
Q

What artery supplies the septum of the lip?

A

Septal branch of superior labial artery

51
Q

What arteries which supply the nasal cavity branches from the maxillary artery?

A

Shpenopalatine and gerater palatine arteries

52
Q

Which artery which supplies the nasal cavity branches from the facial artery?

A

Lateral nasal artery

53
Q

What’s the name of the site in the anterior inferior part of the nasal septum where anastomosis occurs between the arterial contributions of the nasal cavity?

A

Kiesselbach’s (Little’s) area

54
Q

Why should we be careful of Kiesslebach’s area?

A

If we disrupt it = epitaxis

55
Q

Area above the superior nasal conchae?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

56
Q

Area between the superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha?

A

Superior meatus

57
Q

Area between the middle and inferior nasal conchae?

A

middle meatus

58
Q

Area below the inferior nasal concha?

A

Inferior meatus

59
Q

What opening is located in the lateral wall of the nasophayrnx?

A

The opening of the eustachian/ auditory/ pharyngotympanic tube

60
Q

When inserting an NG tube, un which direction should you direct the tube?

A

Straight back towards the ear (beware of Little’s area)

61
Q

What are conchae often referred to due to the effect they have on airflow?

A

Turbinates (cause turbulent airflow)

62
Q

What is the purpose of conchae producing turbulent airflow in the nasal cavity?

A

Increases opportunity for humidifying, warming and filtering

63
Q

What activity in the nasal mucosa impacts on airflow?

A

Engorgement of the nasal mucosa

64
Q

Nasal cycle of engorgement?

A

One side will be engorged then change to the other side every 1-5 hours

65
Q

What causes engorgement of the nasal mucosa?

A

Erectile tissue (arteriovenous)

66
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Open spaces within bones

67
Q

what are the 4 bilateral pairs of sinuses associated with the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses

68
Q

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

69
Q

What paranasal sinuses are sometimes connected in certain people?

A

The frontal sinuses

70
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain to?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

71
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain to?

A

Superior meatus

72
Q

Where does the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus and anterior ethmoidal air cells drain to?

A

Semilunar hiatus which drains to the middle meatus (along with the semilunar hiatus)

73
Q

Where does the middle ethmoidal air cells drain to?

A

Ethmoidal bulla which drains to the middle meatus (along with the semilunar hiatus)

74
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

A

The inferior meatus

75
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located in relation to the eye?

A

Superior lateral part

76
Q

Where does lacrimal fluid drain?

A

Inferomedially to the lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus (this is why your nose runs when you cry)

77
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosa in 1 or more of the paranasal sinuses

78
Q

How odes sinusitis develop?

A

Cilia of respiraotry mucosa waft mucous towards ostia
viral untie can cause swelling of mucosa, reducing diameter of ostia
Sinuses can become filled with infected mucous and pressure builds

79
Q

How can sinus infection spread to optic nerve?

A

Increased pressure in ethmoid can break the medial wall of the orbit and impact the eye/ spread the infection to the optic nerve

80
Q

Why is sinusitis painful?

A

Sensation provided by CN V1 and V2 and may be referred to teeth

81
Q

What sinus is predisposed to infection?

A

Maxillary sinus

82
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus predisposed to infection?

A

ostium is located superior in relation to cavity = cilia must work against gravity

83
Q

Name for communication between maxillary sinus and tooth socket?

A

Oro-antral fistula

84
Q

How can oro-antral fistula lead to maxillary sinusitis? (2)

A

Tooth infection can lead to sinus infections if the roots pierce upwards into sinus or if improper closure of oro-antral fistula (be cautious as sinusitis pain can be referred to the teeth and present as toothache)

2nd Year - ENT (7 decks)

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