Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro anatomy Exam 1 > Anatomy 4 Ascending Tracts > Flashcards

Anatomy 4 Ascending Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 skin sensations?

A
  1. Touch (superficial pressure or vibration)
  2. Pain
  3. Temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 musculoskeletal sensations?

A
  1. Proprioception

2. Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 types of musculoskeletal proprioception sensations?

A
  1. Muscle stretch (tension)
  2. Tendon stretch (tensions)
  3. Deep vibration
  4. Joint position (static and movement (kinesthetic))
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the somato-sensory pathway starting with sensory stimulus

A
  1. Sensory stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Threshold stimulation
  4. AP on peripheral (distal) axon/process of pseudounipolar sensory neuron in peripheral nerve
  5. Pseudounipolar neuron soma located in dorsal root ganglia
  6. central (proximal) axon/process in dorsal root
  7. brainstem/spinal cord (white or dorsal horn gray matter)
  8. Withdrawal reflex
    or
  9. Ascending tract to
    a. lower brain (unconscious sensory input) reflex
    b. cerebral cortex (conscious perception) voluntary response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signal movement through the pathway is dependent on what 2 things:

A
  1. Diameter of axon

2. Degree of axon myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanoreceptors are sensors/receptors of peripheral system that sense what?

A
  1. Touch
  2. Pressure
  3. Stretch
  4. Vibration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemoreceptors are sensors/receptors of peripheral system that sense what?

A

Viscerosensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thermoreceptors are sensors/receptors of peripheral system that sense what?

A

Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nocereceptors are sensors/receptors of peripheral system that sense what?

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a tonic receptor in the peripheral system?

Fast/Slow adapting?

A

Tonic receptor - responds as long as a stimulus is present

-Slow adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Phasic receptor in the peripheral system?

Fast/Slow adapting?

A

Phasic receptor - detect a change from stimulus then adapt to the changed state and stop responding before the stimulus ends
-Rapid adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are these and what do they carry and where in brain?
GVA
GSA
SSA

A

GVA - general visceral afferent (viscerosensory)
- carry unconscious signals to diencephalon
GSA - General sensory afferent (somatosensory)
- carry conscious signals to post central gyrus
SSA - Special sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the soma of sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve sensory ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sensory neuron classification:

Ia or Aa

A

large diameter, myelinated (fastest)

  • Primary muscle spindle afferents
  • Motor efferents to extrafusal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensory neuron classification:

Ib or Aa

A

Large diam, myelinated

  • Golgi tendon organ afferents
  • Contractile tension (force)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory neuron classification:

II or Ab

A

Medium diam, myelinated

  • Mechanoreceptors (discriminative touch, pressure, joint)
  • Secondary muscle spindle afferents (static muscle length)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sensory neuron classification:

III or Ad

A

Small diam, myelinated

  • Mechanoreceptors (touch)
  • Nocioception (discriminative pain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sensory neuron classification:

IV or C

A

Smallest diam, unmyelinated (slowest)

  • Nocioception (inflammatory/visceral pain, thermal sense)
  • Autonomic postganglionic axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skin sensation is what type of sensory?

A

Somatosensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a receptive field?

Where will you have small receptive fields and why?

A
  • Area of skin innervated by a single sensory neuron
  • Small receptor fields and greater density of sensory neurons give some body regions (finger tip) greater 2 point discrimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Whats the difference between receptive field and dermatome?

A

Receptive field - 1 single sensory nerve

Dermatome - 1 single spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Innervation of skin:

Merkel’s -

A

fine touch, closest to surface so most sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Innervation of skin:

Meissner’s -

A

fine touch and vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Innervation of skin:

Pacinian -

A

Subcutaneous

fine touch and vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Innervation of skin:

Hair follicle receptor -

A

Hair root plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Innervation of skin:

Ruffini -

A

skin stretch, furthest from surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T/F:

Fine touch receptors have bad resolution of stimuli

A

False

Good resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

All fine touch receptors transmit signals on what fiber size?

A

Ab axons (Medium diam, myelinated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Innervation of skin:

Free nerve endings -

A

Course touch, pressure, tickle and itch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Innervation of skin:

Crude localization -

A

resolution

31
Q

All course touch receptors transmit signals on what fiber size?

A

Ad

32
Q

Are fine touch or course touch fibers faster?

A

Fine touch (travel on Ab axons while course touch travels on Ad axons)

33
Q

Innervation of skin:

Nociceptors -

A
  • Free nerve endings detect extremes of mechanical, chemical, and temp stimuli (tissue damage = pain)
34
Q

What type of neurons (size) carries pain signals?

A

Ad and C neurons (slow)

35
Q

Innervation of skin:

Temperature -

A

Free nerve endings

36
Q

What type of neuron (size) carries temperature singals?

A

Ad neurons carry cooling sensation

C neurons carry heat sensation

37
Q

Proprioception is primarily determined by what type of receptors and what type of changes?

A
  1. musculoskeletal - Ruffini (stretch)
    and
  2. pressure changes associated with changing the position of body segments
38
Q

What is an intrafusal muscle fiber?

A

a muscle spindle (proprioceptor) located inside muscle parallel to muscle fibers

39
Q

What two types of muscle fibers do an intrafusal fibers consist of?

A

Nuclear chain

Nuclear bag

40
Q

Afferent Annulospiral receptor:
What axon group?
What does is detect?
Bag/chain or both?

A

annulospiral receptor

  • Group Ia sensory neuron
  • Detects dynamic length/stretch (rate of change)
  • Associated with both bag and chain intrafusal fibers
41
Q

Afferent Flower spray receptor:
What axon group?
What does is detect?
Bag/chain or both?

A

Flower spray receptor

  • Group II sensory neuron
  • Detects static length/stretch
  • Associated more with chain than bag
42
Q

What is the efferent motor stimulator of intrafusal fibers?

What does it do?

A

Gamma motor neuron

-Keep bag/chain receptors loaded

43
Q

What occurs when muscle spindle if a muscle is stretched at a joint?

A

Muscle spindle is stretched -> sends afferent signals to brain regarding change in length -> brain takes in signal to determine whether body part at that joint is moving and where it is in space (proprioception)

44
Q

What type of motor neuron contracts whole muscle?

A

-Alpha motor neurons stretch whole muscle (extrafusal fibers)

45
Q

What happens to muscle spindle fibers when whole muscle contracts?

A

-Muscle spindle fibers (intrafusal) will also contract via gamma motor neurons to keep spindle stretched/tense so it will remain sensitive when when whole muscle is shortening during contraction

46
Q

T/F:
Muscle spindles only capable of Phasic signaling via type Ia (annulospiral) and II (flower spray) afferent sensory neurons

A

False

Capable of phasic and tonic signaling

47
Q

What are golgi tendon organs?

What will it inhibit in muscle?

A
  • Acts as proprioception
  • Series arrangement of nerve endings in the dense regular CT of the tendon (sensitive to changes in tension/stretch of tendon)
  • Part of reflex that inhibits muscle contraction to reduce stretch on muscle/tendon
48
Q

What type of sensory neuron (size) is golgi tendon organs?

A

Type Ib afferent

49
Q

What are joint receptors?

A

-Respond to mechanical deformation of joint capsule and ligaments

50
Q

What are the 4 types of joint receptors and what do they do?

A
  1. Paciniform - movement
  2. Ruffini - indicate end range and passive movement
  3. Free nerve endings - pain from inflammation
  4. Ligament receptors - tension (stretch) receptors
51
Q

What is proprioception and receptors?

A 
-Awareness of joint position
Results from:
1. Muscle spindles
2. Joint receptors 
3. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors
52
Q

What is the difference between a tract and a pathway?

A

Tract - bundle of axons in CNS with common origin and destination
Pathway - includes peripheral neuron that delivers information to the CNS tract and carries information from tract to final destination

53
Q

T/F:

Only short axons are included in pathway descriptions

A

False: only neurons with long axons (projection neurons) are included in pathway descriptions
-Pathways also contain interneurons that interconnect pathways

54
Q

What is a conscious pathway?

A

Ends in cerebral cortex

55
Q

What is a divergent pathway?

A

branch to end at many CNS locations for both conscious and unconscious perception

56
Q

What is an unconscious pathway?

A

End at brain locations below the cerebral cortex (brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, limbic)

57
Q

What is a loop pathway?

A
  • Neural connection between a receptor and effector

- Includes sensory pathway, CNS control center, and motor pathway

58
Q

What is the difference between high fidelity and low fidelity?

A

High - pinpoint location of origin

Low - signals have a general origin

59
Q

What is discriminative information?

A

Allows for precise identification of stimuli

60
Q

What is required for high fidelity signals?

A

Somatotopic organization

61
Q

What does slow pain result from?
Is slow pain localizable?
What fibers carry slow pain?
Where is slow pain’s destination?

A
  • Results from tissue damage
  • NOT localizable
  • Carried by C fibers
  • Destination:
    1. Insula
    2. Associative sensory cortex of parietal lobe
62
Q

Is divergent pathway conscious/unconscious or both?

What is the medial pain system for divergent pathways?

A

Divergent pathways - both conscious and unconscious

Medial pain system - for pain modulation, motivational, withdrawal, arousal, and autonomic responses to pain

63
Q

Nocireceptors become more/less sensitive with repetitive stimulus of the medial pain system of divergent pathways?

A

More sensitive

64
Q

Describe divergent pathways of medial pain system:
Somatotopic?
Localizable?
# of Neurons?

A

Not somatotopic or localizable

Variable number of neurons

65
Q

What NT does divergent pathways of medial pain system use?

A

Substance P at synapse in dorsal horn of Lamina I, II, V

66
Q

Divergent neurons:
Spinomesencephalic -
What does it carry and to where?
What part of spinal cord carries descending?

A

Reflex movement tract -> superior colliculus

  1. Turn head to position eye on pain source
  2. Activate descending neurons that modulate pain sensation
    - Periaquiductal gray found in mesencephalic: descending pain modulation
67
Q

Divergent neurons:

Spinoreticular -

A

Intensity tract -> reticular formation such as raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus, to modulate pain sensation to thalamus

68
Q

Divergent neurons:

Spinolimbic -

A

Conscious emotional response tract -> anterior cingulate cortex (links pain sensation to emotional response, negative feeling toward pain)
-> posterior insula: pain sensation

69
Q

Unconscious pathways general:

Carry what from where to where to do what?

A

Carry proprioceptive and feedback info about activity in motor tracts (interneuron links) to cerebellum to adjust (refine) conscious movement

70
Q 
Unconscious pathways:
Posterior spinocerebellar pathway - 
Somatotopic?
Localizable?
# of Neurons?
Crossed?
A

2 Neuron pathway carrying high fidelity somatotopic information from the lower body to cerebellar cortex on ipsilateral side (uncrossed)

71
Q 
Unconscious pathways:
Cuneocerebellar pathway - 
Somatotopic?
Localizable?
# of Neurons?
Crossed?
A

2 Neuron pathway carrying high fidelity somatotopic info from upper body to cerebellar cortex in ipsilateral side (uncrossed)

72
Q 
Unconscious pathways:
Anterior Spinocerebellar tract
Somatotopic?
Localizable?
# of Neurons?
Crossed?
A

1 Neuron pathway to provide cerebellum feedback from spinal cord ventral horn interneurons to monitor activity of lower body

  • Crossed
  • Low fidelity
73
Q 
Unconscious pathways:
Rostrospinocerebellar tract
Somatotopic?
Localizable?
# of Neurons?
Crossed?
A

1 neuron pathway to provide cerebellum feedback from spinal cord interneurons and motor activity of upper body

  • Ipsilateral
  • Low fidelity

Neuro anatomy Exam 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions