Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What nerve supplies the jaw opening and closing muscles?
A
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
2
Q
What does CNV3 travel through to reach the mandible?
A
Foremen ovale
3
Q
What are gingivae?
A
Gums
4
Q
What nerve supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
A
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
5
Q
What nerve supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
A
CN V3
6
Q
What nerve supplies special taste in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
A
CN VII (facial nerve)
7
Q
What nerve supplies the superior part of the gingiva of the oral cavity and palate?
A
CN V2
8
Q
What nerve supplies the inferior half of the gingiva of the oral cavity and floor of the mouth?
A
CN V3
9
Q
Which nerve is responsible for the gag reflex?
A
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
10
Q
What nerves does local anaesthetic numb when sprayed on the back of the throat?
A
CN V2
CN V3
CN VII
CN IX
11
Q
What foremen does CN V2 go through?
A
Foramen rotundum
12
Q
What are the 2 foramina that the facial nerve travels through?
A
IAM
SMF
13
Q
What is chorda tympani?
A
Branch of CN VII
14
Q
What foremen does CN IX go through?
A
Jugular foremen
15
Q
What nerve supplies the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?
A
CN VII (facial nerve)
16
Q
What nerve supplies the parotid salivary glands?
A
CN IX
17
Q
How ma ny pairs of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles control the tongue?
A
4 intrinsic
4 extrinsic
18
Q
What nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue?
A
CN XII (hypoglossal)
19
Q
What tongue muscle is not supplied by the hypoglossal nerve?
A
Palatoglossus
20
Q
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
A
Palatoglossus
Style glosses
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
21
Q
How does the hypoglossal nerve leave the cranial cavity?
A
Hypoglossal canal
22
Q
Which nerve supplies the inner longitudinal layer of muscles in the pharynx?
A
CN IX & X (glossopharyngeal & vagus)
23
Q
What nerve supplies the outer circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
A
CN X (vagus)
24
Q
What level of the spine is the upper oesophageal sphincter?
A
C6
25
What nerve supplies the lips?
CN VII
26
What affect does parasympathetic stimulation of the enteric nervous system having on peristalsis?
Speeds up peristalsis
27
What effect does sympathetic stimulation of the enteric nervous system have on peristalsis?
Slows down peristalsis
28
What can reduce the effectiveness of the LOS?
Hiatus hernia
29
What region of the abdomen does the stomach lie in?
Left hypochondrium
30
What are the parts of the stomach?
```
Fundus
Body
Pyloric Antrum
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature
```
31
Where is the foregut from?
Oesophagus to mid duodenum
32
What organs lie in the foregut?
Liver
Gall bladder
Spleen
1/2 of pancreas
33
Where is the midgut from?
Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3rd of transverse colon?
34
What organs are in the mid gut?
1/2 of pancreas
35
Where is the hindgut?
Distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of the anal canal
36
What are the muscles of the abdomen?
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
37
What is the peritoneum?
Thin, transparent semi-permeable serous membrane
38
What are the two parts of the peritoneum?
Parietal (in contact with body wall (soma))
| Visceral (in contact with organs)
39
What do blood, pus and faeces in the peritoneum cause?
Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)
40
What are kntraperitoneal organs?
Al last completely covered in visceral peritoneum
| Minimally mobile
41
What are retro peritoneal organs?
Only have visceral peritoneum on their anterior surface
42
Examples of retro peritoneal organs?
Pancreas
| Kidneys
43
What is mesentary?
Visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer
Suspends organ from posterior wall - very mobile
44
How do the greater and lesser omentum communicate?
Omental foramen
45
What lies at the free edge of the lesser omentum?
Portal triad
46
Where is the needle placed in paracentesis?
Lateral to the rectus sheath
47
Why is the needle in paracentesis placed lateral to the rectus sheath?
To avoid the inferior epigastric artery
48
Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?
The external iliac
49
What types of nerves supply the abdominal wall?
Somatic sensory nerves
Somatic motor nerves
Sympathetic nerve fibres
50
Where do the sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord to innervate the abdominal organs?
T5 and L2
51
Where do sympathetic nerve fibres synapse in the abdomen?
Directly onto cells
52
How does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen?
On the surface of the oesophagus
53
Where do parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse in the abdomen?
Ganglia on the walls of organs
54
Where do visceral afferent nerve for the foregut enter the spinal cord?
T6 - T9
55
Where do visceral afferent nerve for the midgut enter the spinal cord?
T8 - T12
56
Where do visceral afferent nerve for the hindgut enter the spinal cord?
T10 - L2
57
Where can pain from the liver/gallbladder be referred to?
Shoulder
58
Where can pain from the pancreas be referred?
Back
59
What nerves are in the abdominal wall?
```
Thoracoabdominal nerves
Subcostal nerve (T12 anterior Ramos)
Iliohypogastric nerve (half of L1 anterior ramus)
Ilioinguinal nerve (other half of L1 anterior ramus)
```
60
What is bilirubin?
Normal by-product of the breakdown of red blood cells
61
Where are red blood cells broken down?
Mainly the spleen
62
What is bilirubin used to form?
Bile in the liver
63
What does the biliary tree connect?
The liver to the 2nd part of the duodenum
64
What is the gallbladders function?
Storage and concentration of bile
65
Why is bile important?
Helps the normal absorption of fats from the small intestine
66
Other than bile what else is excreted into the 2nd part of the duodenum?
Digestive enzymes from the pancreas
67
What makes up the portal triad?
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Common bile duct (CBD)
68
What is the function of the portal triad?
Blood supply to and drainage from the liver
| Part of biliary tree linking stomach to duodenum
69
Where is the coeliac trunk?
Retro peritoneal
| Arises around T12
70
What organs does the coeliac trunk supply?
Organs of the foregut
71
Where does the coeliac trunk come from?
It is the first of three midline branches of the abdominal aorta
72
What dos the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?
Splenic artery
Hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
73
What ribs protect the spleen?
9 - 11
74
What arteries supply the stomach?
Right and left gastric arteries
| Right and left gastro-omental arteries
75
Which arteries run along the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Right and left gastric arteries
76
What arteries run along the greater curvature of the stomach?
Right and left gastro-omental arteries?
77
What artery supplies blood to the liver?
```
Hepatic artery (20%)
Hepatic portal vein (80%)
```
78
What ribs protect the liver?
7 - 11
79
What are the 4 anatomical segments of the liver?
Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lone
Quadrants lobe
80
How many functional segments of the liver are there?
8
81
Where do the hepatic veins drain?
IVC
82
What are the 2 clinically important recesses related to the liver?
```
Hepatorenal recess (Morrison's pouch)
Subphrenic recess
```
83
Where is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity when the patient is supine?
Hepatorenal recess (Morrison's pouch)
84
What drains blood from the abdominal organs to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
85
What does the splenic vein drain?
Blood from foregut to hepatic portal vein
86
What does the SMV drain?
Drains blood from the midgut to the hepatic portal vein?
87
What does the IMV drain?
Blood from hindgut to splenic vein
88
What does the IVC drain?
Cleaned blood from the hepatic veins into the right atrium
89
Where is the gallbladder?
Posterior aspect of the liver
| Anterior to the duodenum
90
When the neck of the gallbladder narrows what does it form?
Cystic duct
91
What supplies blood to the gallbladder?
Cystic artery
92
What is the cystic artery a branch of?
Right hepatic artery
93
What are the 3 muscles for closing the jaw?
Massater
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
94
What do the right and left hepatic ducts combine to form?
Common hepatic duct
95
What do the hepatic duct and cystic duct combine to form?
Common bile duct
96
What do the bile duct and main pancreatic duct combine to form?
Ampulla of Vater
97
What is an ERCP used to investigate?
Gallbladder
| Pancreas
98
What are the obstructive causes of jaundice?
Gallstones
| Carcinoma at head of pancreas
99
What are the parts of the pancreas?
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
100
What is the head of the pancreas surrounded by?
Duodenum ("C-shape")
101
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans (secrete insulin & glucagon into bloodstream)
102
What are the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Acinar cell (secretes digestive enzymes into main pancreatic duct)
103
What obstruction can cause pancreatitis?
Blockage of the ampulla by a gallstone
104
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
105
What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
Superior
Descending
Horizontal
Ascending
106
Where does the duodenum begin?
The pyloric sphincter
107
What is the blood supply to the duodenum?
```
Gastric duodenal (superior pancreaticoduodenal)
SMA (inferior pancreaticoduodenal)
```
108
Where does the jejunum begin?
Duodenljejunal flexure
109
Where does the ileum end?
Ileocaecal junction
110
What is the difference between the mucosa in the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum - highly folded (plicae circularis)
| Ileum - much smoother
111
Where do proteins and carbs that are absorbed in the small intestine go?
Venosus system to be taken to liver via hepatic portal vein
112
What are fats absorbed into in the small intestine?
Lacteals (specialised lymphatic vessels)
113
Where do fats travel once they are absorbed in the small intestine?
Travel via lymphatic system to eventually drain into venous system (at left venous angle)
114
What are the majn groups of lymph nodes in the abdomen?
Celiac
Superior messenger is
Inferior mesentary can
Lumbar
115
Where does the right lymphatic ducts drain lymph?
Right venous angle
| Between right subclavian and right IJV
116
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
Left venous angle
| Between left subclavian vein and left IJV
117
What are the teniae coli?
3 distinct longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle running rom caecum to distal end of sigmoid colon
118
What are the parts of the colon?
```
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
```
119
Where is McBurnleys point?
Third of the way from the right ASIS to the umbilicus
120
What region is the sigmoid colon in?
LIF
121
What is a sigmoid volvulus?
Sigmoid twists around itself "coffee bean"
122
What does the aorta bifurcate into?
Right and left common iliac arteries
123
What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk
SMA
IMA
124
What is the arterial anastomoses between the branches of the SMA and IMA called?
Marginal artery of Drummond
125
What artery supplies the remainder of the GI tract after the hindgut?
Internal iliac artery
126
What are varices?
Abnormal dilated veins
127
What is the most likely cause of the formation of oesophageal varices?
Pathology affecting portal venous system
128
What are the 2 main venous systems of the body?
Hepatic portal venous system
| Systemic venous system
129
What muscle is used in jaw opening?
Lateral Pterygoid
129
What is the purpose of the hepatic portal venous system?
Drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract & associated organs to the liver for "cleaning"
130
What is the purpose of the syste,if venous system?
Drains venous blood from all other organs & tissues into the SVC & IVC
131
Where are the three anastomoses between the portal and systemic venous systems?
Distal end of oesophagus
Skin around umbilicus
Rectum/anal canal
132
Where does blood at the distal end of the oesophagus drain?
Superior - azygous vein
| Most distal - hepatic portal vein
133
Where does blood drain to from around the umbilicus?
Inferior epigastric vein to the IVC
134
Where does blood drain from the rectum?
Superior rectal vein -> Inferior messengering vein
Middle rectal vein -> internal iliac vein
Inferior rectal vein -> internal iliac vein
135
What is portal hypertension?
Clinical term given to increased BP within the portal veins. Can occur as a result of liver pathology (e.g. cirrhosis)
136
What effect does portal hypertension effect venous drainage?
Blood is diverted through the collateral veins to the systemic venous system. Collateral veins have a larger volume of blood than they are used to so dilate, becoming varicose
137
How can portal hypertension present clinically?
Capitol medusae
Oesophageal varices
Rectal varices
138
What is the rectum for?
Storing faeces until visceral afferent nerves sense fullness
139
Where is the rectum located?
Within the pelvic cavity
140
What is the pelvis inlet?
The way into the pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity
141
Where is the perineum?
Inferior to the pelvic floor
142
What are the pelvic floor muscles called?
Levator ani (pelvic diaphragm)
143
Where on the spinal cord does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?
Anterior to S3 (rectosigmoid junction)
144
What is the anus?
The orifice through which faeces pass
145
Where is the rectal ampulla located?
Immediately superior to th levafor ani muscle
146
Where is the prostate located?
Anterior to the inferior part of the rectum
147
What type of muscle is the levator ani?
Skeletal muscle
148
What part of the levator ani muscle is important for maintaining faecal continence?
Puborectalis muscle
149
What kind of muscle is the internal anal sphincter?
Smooth muscle
150
What kind of muscle is the external anal sphincter?
Skeletal muscle
151
What nerves stimulates contraction of the internal anal sphincter (i.e. closed)?
Sympathetic nerves
152
What nerves inhibit the contraction of the internal anal sphincter?
Parasympathetic
153
What nerve stimulates contraction of the external anal sphincter?
Pudenal nerve
154
Where do sympathetic nerve fibres for the rectum/anal canal leave the spine?
T12 - L2
155
Where do parasympathetic, visceral afferent & somatic nerve fibres for the rectum/anal canal leave the spinal cord?
S2, S3 & S4 via pelvic splanchic nerves
156
What are the main groups of lymph nodes that drain the pelvic organs?
```
Internal iliac (inferior pelvic structures)
External iliac (lower limb & more superior pelvic structures)
Common iliac (external & iliac modes)
```
157
Where does lymph draining through the common iliac nodes go?
Drains into the lumbar nodes
158
What are haemorrhoids?
Prolapse of the venous plexus
160
Where are the ischioanal fossae found?
Either side of the anal canal
161
What is in the ischioanal fossae?
Fat and connective tissue
162
What is the difference between rectal varices & haemorrhoids?
Rectal varices are caused by portal hypertension
| Haemorrhoids are prolapses of the rectal venous plexuses (not related to portal hypertension)
