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AY Gastrointestinal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve supplies the jaw opening and closing muscles?

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

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2
Q

What does CNV3 travel through to reach the mandible?

A

Foremen ovale

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3
Q

What are gingivae?

A

Gums

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4
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

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5
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CN V3

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6
Q

What nerve supplies special taste in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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7
Q

What nerve supplies the superior part of the gingiva of the oral cavity and palate?

A

CN V2

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8
Q

What nerve supplies the inferior half of the gingiva of the oral cavity and floor of the mouth?

A

CN V3

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9
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the gag reflex?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

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10
Q

What nerves does local anaesthetic numb when sprayed on the back of the throat?

A

CN V2
CN V3
CN VII
CN IX

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11
Q

What foremen does CN V2 go through?

A

Foramen rotundum

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12
Q

What are the 2 foramina that the facial nerve travels through?

A

IAM

SMF

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13
Q

What is chorda tympani?

A

Branch of CN VII

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14
Q

What foremen does CN IX go through?

A

Jugular foremen

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15
Q

What nerve supplies the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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16
Q

What nerve supplies the parotid salivary glands?

A

CN IX

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17
Q

How ma ny pairs of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles control the tongue?

A

4 intrinsic

4 extrinsic

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18
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal)

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19
Q

What tongue muscle is not supplied by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Palatoglossus

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20
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus
Style glosses
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

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21
Q

How does the hypoglossal nerve leave the cranial cavity?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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22
Q

Which nerve supplies the inner longitudinal layer of muscles in the pharynx?

A

CN IX & X (glossopharyngeal & vagus)

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23
Q

What nerve supplies the outer circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

CN X (vagus)

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24
Q

What level of the spine is the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

C6

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25
Q

What nerve supplies the lips?

A

CN VII

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26
Q

What affect does parasympathetic stimulation of the enteric nervous system having on peristalsis?

A

Speeds up peristalsis

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27
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation of the enteric nervous system have on peristalsis?

A

Slows down peristalsis

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28
Q

What can reduce the effectiveness of the LOS?

A

Hiatus hernia

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29
Q

What region of the abdomen does the stomach lie in?

A

Left hypochondrium

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30
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A 
Fundus 
Body 
Pyloric Antrum 
Lesser curvature 
Greater curvature
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31
Q

Where is the foregut from?

A

Oesophagus to mid duodenum

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32
Q

What organs lie in the foregut?

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Spleen
1/2 of pancreas

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33
Q

Where is the midgut from?

A

Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3rd of transverse colon?

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34
Q

What organs are in the mid gut?

A

1/2 of pancreas

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35
Q

Where is the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of the anal canal

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36
Q

What are the muscles of the abdomen?

A

Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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37
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Thin, transparent semi-permeable serous membrane

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38
Q

What are the two parts of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal (in contact with body wall (soma))

Visceral (in contact with organs)

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39
Q

What do blood, pus and faeces in the peritoneum cause?

A

Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)

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40
Q

What are kntraperitoneal organs?

A

Al last completely covered in visceral peritoneum

Minimally mobile

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41
Q

What are retro peritoneal organs?

A

Only have visceral peritoneum on their anterior surface

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42
Q

Examples of retro peritoneal organs?

A

Pancreas

Kidneys

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43
Q

What is mesentary?

A

Visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer
Suspends organ from posterior wall - very mobile

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44
Q

How do the greater and lesser omentum communicate?

A

Omental foramen

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45
Q

What lies at the free edge of the lesser omentum?

A

Portal triad

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46
Q

Where is the needle placed in paracentesis?

A

Lateral to the rectus sheath

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47
Q

Why is the needle in paracentesis placed lateral to the rectus sheath?

A

To avoid the inferior epigastric artery

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48
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?

A

The external iliac

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49
Q

What types of nerves supply the abdominal wall?

A

Somatic sensory nerves
Somatic motor nerves
Sympathetic nerve fibres

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50
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord to innervate the abdominal organs?

A

T5 and L2

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51
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres synapse in the abdomen?

A

Directly onto cells

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52
Q

How does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen?

A

On the surface of the oesophagus

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53
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse in the abdomen?

A

Ganglia on the walls of organs

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54
Q

Where do visceral afferent nerve for the foregut enter the spinal cord?

A

T6 - T9

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55
Q

Where do visceral afferent nerve for the midgut enter the spinal cord?

A

T8 - T12

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56
Q

Where do visceral afferent nerve for the hindgut enter the spinal cord?

A

T10 - L2

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57
Q

Where can pain from the liver/gallbladder be referred to?

A

Shoulder

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58
Q

Where can pain from the pancreas be referred?

A

Back

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59
Q

What nerves are in the abdominal wall?

A 
Thoracoabdominal nerves 
Subcostal nerve (T12 anterior Ramos) 
Iliohypogastric nerve (half of L1 anterior ramus) 
Ilioinguinal  nerve (other half of L1 anterior ramus)
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60
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Normal by-product of the breakdown of red blood cells

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61
Q

Where are red blood cells broken down?

A

Mainly the spleen

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62
Q

What is bilirubin used to form?

A

Bile in the liver

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63
Q

What does the biliary tree connect?

A

The liver to the 2nd part of the duodenum

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64
Q

What is the gallbladders function?

A

Storage and concentration of bile

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65
Q

Why is bile important?

A

Helps the normal absorption of fats from the small intestine

66
Q

Other than bile what else is excreted into the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

Digestive enzymes from the pancreas

67
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Common bile duct (CBD)

68
Q

What is the function of the portal triad?

A

Blood supply to and drainage from the liver

Part of biliary tree linking stomach to duodenum

69
Q

Where is the coeliac trunk?

A

Retro peritoneal

Arises around T12

70
Q

What organs does the coeliac trunk supply?

A

Organs of the foregut

71
Q

Where does the coeliac trunk come from?

A

It is the first of three midline branches of the abdominal aorta

72
Q

What dos the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?

A

Splenic artery
Hepatic artery
Left gastric artery

73
Q

What ribs protect the spleen?

A

9 - 11

74
Q

What arteries supply the stomach?

A

Right and left gastric arteries

Right and left gastro-omental arteries

75
Q

Which arteries run along the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Right and left gastric arteries

76
Q

What arteries run along the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Right and left gastro-omental arteries?

77
Q

What artery supplies blood to the liver?

A 
Hepatic artery (20%)
Hepatic portal vein (80%)
78
Q

What ribs protect the liver?

A

7 - 11

79
Q

What are the 4 anatomical segments of the liver?

A

Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lone
Quadrants lobe

80
Q

How many functional segments of the liver are there?

A

8

81
Q

Where do the hepatic veins drain?

A

IVC

82
Q

What are the 2 clinically important recesses related to the liver?

A 
Hepatorenal recess (Morrison's pouch) 
Subphrenic recess
83
Q

Where is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity when the patient is supine?

A

Hepatorenal recess (Morrison’s pouch)

84
Q

What drains blood from the abdominal organs to the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein

85
Q

What does the splenic vein drain?

A

Blood from foregut to hepatic portal vein

86
Q

What does the SMV drain?

A

Drains blood from the midgut to the hepatic portal vein?

87
Q

What does the IMV drain?

A

Blood from hindgut to splenic vein

88
Q

What does the IVC drain?

A

Cleaned blood from the hepatic veins into the right atrium

89
Q

Where is the gallbladder?

A

Posterior aspect of the liver

Anterior to the duodenum

90
Q

When the neck of the gallbladder narrows what does it form?

A

Cystic duct

91
Q

What supplies blood to the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery

92
Q

What is the cystic artery a branch of?

A

Right hepatic artery

93
Q

What are the 3 muscles for closing the jaw?

A

Massater
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid

94
Q

What do the right and left hepatic ducts combine to form?

A

Common hepatic duct

95
Q

What do the hepatic duct and cystic duct combine to form?

A

Common bile duct

96
Q

What do the bile duct and main pancreatic duct combine to form?

A

Ampulla of Vater

97
Q

What is an ERCP used to investigate?

A

Gallbladder

Pancreas

98
Q

What are the obstructive causes of jaundice?

A

Gallstones

Carcinoma at head of pancreas

99
Q

What are the parts of the pancreas?

A

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

100
Q

What is the head of the pancreas surrounded by?

A

Duodenum (“C-shape”)

101
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans (secrete insulin & glucagon into bloodstream)

102
Q

What are the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cell (secretes digestive enzymes into main pancreatic duct)

103
Q

What obstruction can cause pancreatitis?

A

Blockage of the ampulla by a gallstone

104
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

105
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior
Descending
Horizontal
Ascending

106
Q

Where does the duodenum begin?

A

The pyloric sphincter

107
Q

What is the blood supply to the duodenum?

A 
Gastric duodenal (superior pancreaticoduodenal) 
SMA (inferior pancreaticoduodenal)
108
Q

Where does the jejunum begin?

A

Duodenljejunal flexure

109
Q

Where does the ileum end?

A

Ileocaecal junction

110
Q

What is the difference between the mucosa in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum - highly folded (plicae circularis)

Ileum - much smoother

111
Q

Where do proteins and carbs that are absorbed in the small intestine go?

A

Venosus system to be taken to liver via hepatic portal vein

112
Q

What are fats absorbed into in the small intestine?

A

Lacteals (specialised lymphatic vessels)

113
Q

Where do fats travel once they are absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Travel via lymphatic system to eventually drain into venous system (at left venous angle)

114
Q

What are the majn groups of lymph nodes in the abdomen?

A

Celiac
Superior messenger is
Inferior mesentary can
Lumbar

115
Q

Where does the right lymphatic ducts drain lymph?

A

Right venous angle

Between right subclavian and right IJV

116
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Left venous angle

Between left subclavian vein and left IJV

117
Q

What are the teniae coli?

A

3 distinct longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle running rom caecum to distal end of sigmoid colon

118
Q

What are the parts of the colon?

A 
Caecum 
Appendix 
Ascending colon 
Transverse colon 
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon
119
Q

Where is McBurnleys point?

A

Third of the way from the right ASIS to the umbilicus

120
Q

What region is the sigmoid colon in?

A

LIF

121
Q

What is a sigmoid volvulus?

A

Sigmoid twists around itself “coffee bean”

122
Q

What does the aorta bifurcate into?

A

Right and left common iliac arteries

123
Q

What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk
SMA
IMA

124
Q

What is the arterial anastomoses between the branches of the SMA and IMA called?

A

Marginal artery of Drummond

125
Q

What artery supplies the remainder of the GI tract after the hindgut?

A

Internal iliac artery

126
Q

What are varices?

A

Abnormal dilated veins

127
Q

What is the most likely cause of the formation of oesophageal varices?

A

Pathology affecting portal venous system

128
Q

What are the 2 main venous systems of the body?

A

Hepatic portal venous system

Systemic venous system

129
Q

What muscle is used in jaw opening?

A

Lateral Pterygoid

129
Q

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal venous system?

A

Drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract & associated organs to the liver for “cleaning”

130
Q

What is the purpose of the syste,if venous system?

A

Drains venous blood from all other organs & tissues into the SVC & IVC

131
Q

Where are the three anastomoses between the portal and systemic venous systems?

A

Distal end of oesophagus
Skin around umbilicus
Rectum/anal canal

132
Q

Where does blood at the distal end of the oesophagus drain?

A

Superior - azygous vein

Most distal - hepatic portal vein

133
Q

Where does blood drain to from around the umbilicus?

A

Inferior epigastric vein to the IVC

134
Q

Where does blood drain from the rectum?

A

Superior rectal vein -> Inferior messengering vein
Middle rectal vein -> internal iliac vein
Inferior rectal vein -> internal iliac vein

135
Q

What is portal hypertension?

A

Clinical term given to increased BP within the portal veins. Can occur as a result of liver pathology (e.g. cirrhosis)

136
Q

What effect does portal hypertension effect venous drainage?

A

Blood is diverted through the collateral veins to the systemic venous system. Collateral veins have a larger volume of blood than they are used to so dilate, becoming varicose

137
Q

How can portal hypertension present clinically?

A

Capitol medusae
Oesophageal varices
Rectal varices

138
Q

What is the rectum for?

A

Storing faeces until visceral afferent nerves sense fullness

139
Q

Where is the rectum located?

A

Within the pelvic cavity

140
Q

What is the pelvis inlet?

A

The way into the pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity

141
Q

Where is the perineum?

A

Inferior to the pelvic floor

142
Q

What are the pelvic floor muscles called?

A

Levator ani (pelvic diaphragm)

143
Q

Where on the spinal cord does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

A

Anterior to S3 (rectosigmoid junction)

144
Q

What is the anus?

A

The orifice through which faeces pass

145
Q

Where is the rectal ampulla located?

A

Immediately superior to th levafor ani muscle

146
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

Anterior to the inferior part of the rectum

147
Q

What type of muscle is the levator ani?

A

Skeletal muscle

148
Q

What part of the levator ani muscle is important for maintaining faecal continence?

A

Puborectalis muscle

149
Q

What kind of muscle is the internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle

150
Q

What kind of muscle is the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle

151
Q

What nerves stimulates contraction of the internal anal sphincter (i.e. closed)?

A

Sympathetic nerves

152
Q

What nerves inhibit the contraction of the internal anal sphincter?

A

Parasympathetic

153
Q

What nerve stimulates contraction of the external anal sphincter?

A

Pudenal nerve

154
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres for the rectum/anal canal leave the spine?

A

T12 - L2

155
Q

Where do parasympathetic, visceral afferent & somatic nerve fibres for the rectum/anal canal leave the spinal cord?

A

S2, S3 & S4 via pelvic splanchic nerves

156
Q

What are the main groups of lymph nodes that drain the pelvic organs?

A 
Internal iliac (inferior pelvic structures)
External iliac (lower limb & more superior pelvic structures) 
Common iliac (external & iliac modes)
157
Q

Where does lymph draining through the common iliac nodes go?

A

Drains into the lumbar nodes

158
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Prolapse of the venous plexus

160
Q

Where are the ischioanal fossae found?

A

Either side of the anal canal

161
Q

What is in the ischioanal fossae?

A

Fat and connective tissue

162
Q

What is the difference between rectal varices & haemorrhoids?

A

Rectal varices are caused by portal hypertension

Haemorrhoids are prolapses of the rectal venous plexuses (not related to portal hypertension)

AY Gastrointestinal (21 decks)

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