Anatomy

Question 1

Viability of oocyte and sperm

Answer 1

Oocyte is viable up to 24 hours after ovulation

Sperm are viable up to 72 hours after ejaculation

Question 2

What is acrosomal reaction of sperm penetration?

Answer 2

• various chemical changes in anterior head of spermatozoon when it contacts the ovum
• leads to sperm’s penetration and fertilization of ovum

Question 3

What is cortical reaction of sperm penetration?

Answer 3

reaction during fertilization when the sperm cell coalesces with egg’s plasma membrane; this prevents entry of a second sperm

Question 4

Where should fertilization occur?

Answer 4

Fallopian tube

Question 5

_______ is result of first mitotic division within first 30 hrs of fertilization.

Answer 5

Zygote

Question 6

Morula

Answer 6

mass of cells derived from divisions of zygote - 4 days after fertilization

Question 7

Where does implantation of fertilized ovum occur?

Answer 7

endometrial lining of uterus

Question 8

_______ enters the uterine and implants in endometrium.

Answer 8

Blastocyst

Question 9

What are 2 main parts of the blastocyst and what do they develop into?

Answer 9

inner cell mass -> embryo

trophoblast -> placenta

Question 10

Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

Answer 10

Syncytiotrophoblast - outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, rupturing maternal capillaries and establishes interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid

cytotrophoblast - inner layer of trophoblast

Question 11

Chorion

Answer 11

• outermost of the two fetal membranes (amnion is innermost) that surround the embryo
• develops villi (vascular finger-like projections) that become the placenta

Question 12

What are finger projections within 16 day embryo that exchange blood with maternal blood?

Answer 12

chorionic villus

Question 13

Amnion

Answer 13

membrane that will surround newly forming embryo and will provide boundary for amniotic fluid

Question 14

What does body stalk in 16-day embryo become?

Answer 14

umbilical cord

Question 15

Decidua basalis and decidua capsularis

Answer 15

basalis - portion of endometrium lying under the implanted ovum and chorion

capsularis - portion of endometrium directly over implanted ovum and chorion, facing the uterine cavity

Question 16

When does embryo begin receiving its nutrition via umbilical vessels?

Answer 16

4.5 weeks

Question 17

When does placenta fully form?

Answer 17

13 weeks

Question 18

What are 3 structures that make the umbilical cord?

Answer 18

1 umbilical vein + 2 umbilical arteries

Question 19

What is Placenta Praevia?

Answer 19

implantation of placental site in lower uterine segment, possibly over internal os

will result in painless vaginal bleeding

Question 20

What is present in higher concentrations in fetal blood than maternal?

Answer 20

ascorbic acid, calcium, iron

Question 21

Which immunoglobin is transferred by placenta?

Answer 21

maternal IgG

Question 22

When does early heart begin beating?

Answer 22

day 21-22

Question 23

When is embryo complete development?

Answer 23

1.5 weeks

Question 24

When does embryo become fetus?

Answer 24

12 weeks

Question 25

When can sex of fetus be determined?

Answer 25

16 weeks

Question 26

What is lanugo?

Answer 26

fine hair covering over entire body of fetus at 20 weeks

Question 27

What is vernix caseosa?

Answer 27

Secreted by fetus at 20 weeks
Made of sebaceous material
Some antimicrobial substances

Question 28

Range of typical fetal heart rate at 20 weeks

Answer 28

120-160 bpm

Question 29

Where is amniotic fluid produced in fetus?

Answer 29

fetal kidney and lungs

Question 30

Function of amniotic fluid

Answer 30

Necessary for fetal growth, promoting fetal movement, maintaining temp, and protecting fetus placenta and cord

Also antibacterial features

Question 31

Pathway of fetal circulation

Answer 31

umbilical vein -> ductus venosus -> right atrium -> foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus to bypass lungs -> systemic circulation -> umbilical arteries -> blood back to mother

• No gas exchange in lungs

Question 32

Where do umbilical arteries branch from and where does the blood go?

Answer 32

branch off each internal iliac arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to mother

Question 33

What do ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and umbilical arteries and vein become?

Answer 33

ductus venosus -> ligamentum venosum
foramen ovale -> fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus -> ligamentum arteriosum
umbilical vein -> ligamentum teres
umbilical arteries -> medial umbilical ligaments

Question 34

How does mother’s CV system change with pregnancy?

Answer 34

cardiac output increases

decreased peripheral vascular resistance allowing for plasma volume expansion

Question 35

How does mother’s renal system change with pregnancy?

Answer 35

Increased renal blood flow
Increased GFR
Nocturia and hydronephrosis common
Increased risk of infection
Decreased bladder tone and bladder capacity

Question 36

Blood pressure changes during pregnancy

Answer 36

1st Trimester: Normal
2nd Trimester: Lowest
Term: Return to baseline

Question 37

How does mother’s respiratory system change with pregnancy?

Answer 37

Diaphragm elevated
Increased thorax circumference
Increased tidal volume
Progesterone contributes to compensatory respiratory alkalossi

Question 38

How does mother’s skin change with pregnancy?

Answer 38

Increased skin pigmentation:
melasma = "mask of pregnancy"
linea nigra = line down center abdomen
sudden, rapid growth of skin tags
striae = stretch marks
changes in hair growth

Question 39

How does mother’s skin change with pregnancy?

Answer 39

Increased skin pigmentation:
melasma = “mask of pregnancy”
linea nigra = line down center abdomen

sudden, rapid growth of skin tags
striae = stretch marks
changes in hair growth

Question 40

Gestation occurs how long before fertilization?

Answer 40

2 weeks