Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What innervates the flexor muscles of the forearm?
A
The median nerve
2
Q
The deepest muscles of the forearm perform what motion?
A
Rotation (pronation/supination)
3
Q
The brachial artery bifurcates into what two arteries?
A
Ulnar and radial arteries
4
Q
Which artery provides most of the blow flow to the hand?
A
Ulnar
5
Q
Which muscle allows the “hitch hiker” thumb?
A
Extensor pollicus longus
6
Q
The extra tendons on the small and index fingers are always found where?
A
The ulnar side of their redundant tendons
7
Q
What innervates the extensors of the forearm?
A
The radial nerve
8
Q
Which carpals articulate with the radius?
A
Scaphoid and the lunate
9
Q
Which carpals articulate with the thumb?
A
Trapezium
10
Q
Which carpals articulate with the ulna?
A
None
11
Q
What are you concerned about with a fall on an outstretched hand?
A
Scaphoid fracture
12
Q
Which metacarpals are fixed?
A
first and second digits (index and middle finger)
13
Q
Why are fingers mobile in extension and tight on flexion?
A
Collateral ligaments
- only true for joint between metacarpal and 1st phalynx
- ligament tension is equal in flexion and extension for proximal interphalangeal joint
14
Q
What are the prime flexor of the hand (make a fist)
A
Interosseous muscles
15
Q
What is the purpose of the palmar aponeurosis?
A
for non-slip power grip
16
Q
What are the thenar muscles? (3)
A
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
17
Q
What are the hypothenar muscles? (3)
A
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Opponents Digiti Minimi
18
Q
Which muscle is key for pinching?
A
Adductor Pollicis (along with 1st dorsal interosseus muscle); both controlled by ulnar nerve
19
Q
Which is the last muscle innervated by the median nerve?
A
Opponens pollicis
20
Q
Which is the last muscle innervated by the ulnar nerve?
A
Middle finger (wiggle side to side)
21
Q
Ulnar nerve palsy
A
- can’t pinch thumb and forefinger together (atrophy of interosseus muscles)
- last two digits are clawed (not first 2 because median nerve are still intact)
22
Q
Carpal Tunnel
A
median nerve is compressed
- atrophy of thenar muscles over time
- nighttime splinting is classic treatment
23
Q
What is a dermatome?
A
the area of skin supplied by a cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve
24
Q
What is a myotome?
A
all muscles derived from one somite and innervated by one segmental spinal nerve
25
From superficial to deep, what muscles cover the occipital triangle? (3)
1. trapezius
2. splenius (capitus)
3. semispinalis
26
What are the boundaries of the quadrangular space? (4)
- long head of triceps brachii (medial border)
- teres major (inferior border)
- teres minor (superior border)
- surgical neck of humerus (lateral border)
27
What comes through the quadrangular space? (2)
- the axillary nerve
| - posterior circumflex humeral artery
28
What are some gross distinguishing features between arteries and nerves? (3)
- arteries always branch at right angles; nerves branch at acute angles
- if cut, arteries will have a lumen; nerves will not
- nerves will appear to have fibers running along their longitudinal surface; arteries will not
29
What are the boundaries of the triangular space? (4)
- teres minor (superior border)
- long head of triceps brachii (lateral border)
- teres major (inferior border)
30
What comes through the triangular space? (1)
circumflex scapular artery
31
What are the boundaries of the triangular interval? (3)
- teres major (superior border)
- lateral head of triceps brachii (lateral border)
- long head of triceps brachii (medial border)
32
What comes through the triangular interval? (2)
- radial nerve
| - profunda(deep) brachii artery
33
What structures may also be injured with a fracture near the surgical neck? (2)
- axillary nerve
| - posterior humoral circumflex artery
34
What structures may also be injured with a mid-shaft fracture of the humerus? (2)
- radial nerve
| - deep brachial artery
35
What structure may also be injured with a supracondylar fracture of the humerus?
- median nerve
36
What structure may also be injured with medial epicondyle fracture?
- ulnar nerve
37
What are the boundaries of the triangle of auscultation? (3)
- rhomboid major
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
38
What are the boundaries of the lumbar triangle and what is the significance of the location?
- external abdominal oblique
- latissimus dorsi
- iliac crest
- location where hernias will present
39
What attaches to the lateral epicondyle?
the extensors and suppinators
40
What attaches to the medial epicondyle?
the flexors and pronators
41
What are the four branches of the thoracoacromial trunk?
- acromial
- pectoral
- clavicular
- deltoid
42
What muscles attach to the coracoid process? (3)
- short head of the biceps
- coracobrachialis
- pectoralis minor
43
What are the components of the femoral sheath, from lateral to medial? (4)
- femoral Nerve (actually outside)
- femoral Artery (lateral compartment)
- femoral Vein (middle compartment)
- Lymphatics (in femoral canal)
44
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
- inguinal ligament
- sartorius (medial border)
- adductor longus (lateral border)
45
What are the short lateral rotators of the pelvis?
PGOGOQ
- piriformis
- geminal superior
- obturator externus
- geminal inferior
- obturator internus
46
What muscles make up the "true" hamstrings, from medial to lateral? (3)
Semimembranousus
Semitendinosus
Long head of the biceps femoris
47
What muscles insert at the Pes Anserinus, from anterior to posterior? (3)
1. Sartorius
2. Gracilis
3. Semitendinosus
48
What does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into, and where does the split occur?
tibial nerve and fibular nerves, above the popliteal fossa
49
What is the innervation of the gluteus minimis, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia lata, and what function do they perform?
Superior Gluteal Nerve
| Keep the pelvis level when the opposite foot is off the ground
50
What muscles are active when climbing stairs or rising from a sitting position?
Gluteus maximus (esp for sitting to rising), quadriceps femoris (esp for stairs)
51
What is the angle of inclination, and how does it change with age?
angle formed by the imaginary line from the head of the femur down the neck, and the shaft
- decreases with age (more acute): from 120 to 90 degrees
52
What makes up the Triceps Surae?
The two gastrocnemius muscles and the soleus, which all coalesce into the Achilles tendon
53
What are the P's of compartment syndrome?
- persistent pain (earliest impt finding), esp with passive stretching of the muscle group
- paresthesia/anasthesia
- paresis/paralysis
- pressure
54
foot ambulation: what muscles "grip the surface"
intrinsics
55
foot ambulation: what muscle everts the foot
fibularis longus
56
foot ambulation: what muscle does "push off"
gastrocnemius and soleus
57
foot movement: wedge shape of talus allows (2)
easy dorsiflexion and tightens the ankle
58
common fibular nerve branches into (2)
circumscribes neck of fibula-->Deep and superficial fibular branches
59
all dorsum of foot innervated by
deep fibular nerve
60
what is "Intermittent claudication"
Block arteries (superficial femoral and popiteal arteries) and blood flow= lactic acid build up; restricts movement (limps)
61
locate: pedial pulse
dorsalis pedis artery:
| lateral to EHL (extensor hallucis longus)
62
locate: "tarsal tunnel"
medial ankle: posterior to the medial malleolus.
holds posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, and tendons of the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscle
TDVNH
63
what innervates the Anterior compartment of the leg
Deep fibular nerve
64
what innervates the lateral compartment of the leg
Superficial fibular nerve
65
what innervates the posterior compartment of the leg
tibial nerve
66
What attaches at the supraglenoid tubercle?
Long head of biceps brachii
67
What attaches at the infraglenoid tubercle?
Long head of triceps brachii
68
Which ligament is injured with nursemaid's elbow?
Annular ligament of radius
69
What is shin splints?
Very mild compartment syndrome of the anterior compartment
70
What is the "spring ligament"?
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
71
What is a bunion?
Bony deformity of the metatarsal/ phalangeal joint
72
The medial plantar nerve innervates?
Flexor hallucis brevis and abductor hallucis ________
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Lumbrical of 2nd toe
73
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon rupture
commonly distal
cannot plantar flex
Cast in plantar flex (toe point)
bleeding
74
Calcaneal tendonitis
inflammatory changes at heel
| Painful walking
75
Gastrocnemius strain
overload, partial muscle rupture, hematoma, can lead to compartment syndrome
76
The fourth layer on the sole of the foot contains what muscles? (2)
1. Dorsal Interossei
| 2. Plantar Interosseus Muscles
77
Where do the major nerves and blood vessels run on the sole of the foot?
Between the first and second layers of muscle.
78
What are the names of the major nerves and arteries in the plantar region of the foot? (4)
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
| Medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries
79
ankle joint for eversion/inversion
subtalar joint
80
The first layer on the sole of the foot contains what muscles? (3)
1. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
2. Abductor Digiti Minimi
3. Abductor Hallucis
81
The second layer on the sole of the foot contains what muscles? (4)
1. Quadratus Plantae
2. Lumbricals
3. Flexor Hallucis Longus (Tendon)
4. Flexor Digitorum Longus
82
The third layer on the sole of the foot contains what muscles? (4)
1. Adductor Hallucis – Oblique Head
2. Adductor Hallucis – Transverse Head
3. Flexor Hallucis Brevis
4. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
83
The fourth layer on the sole of the foot contains what muscles? (2)
1. Dorsal Interossei
| 2. Plantar Interosseus Muscles
84
What are the names of the major nerves and arteries in the plantar region of the foot? (4)
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
| Medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries
85
define: antalgic gait
limping due to pain
86
ligament sprained when ankle rolls in FLAT foot
CFL: calcaneo-fibular ligament
87
ligament sprained when ankle rolls in plantar flexion
ATFL: anterior talo-fibular ligament
88
pes planus
flat arch
89
pes cavus
high arch
90
lis Franc injury
tarsometatarsal injury, or midfoot injury
91
plantar fascitis
pain at medial tubercle of calcaneus
| degeneration of attachment
92
tarsal tunnel syndrome
compression on the posterior tibial nerve
93
spondylolysis
pars defect/ stress fracture
94
spondylolisthesis
forward displacement of a vertebra, especially the fifth lumbar vertebra, most commonly occurring after a break or fracture
95
cauda equina syndrome
serious neurologic condition in which damage/compression to the cauda equina causes acute loss of function of the lumbar plexus
96
radiculopathy
nerves are affected and do not work properly
| cervical nerve root can cause pain and other symptoms through the arms and hands
97
Fibrous Joints
The bones of these joints are connected by fibrous ligaments only
ex) Suture Joints, Syndesmoses
98
Cartilaginous Joints
The bones involved in cartilaginous joints are joined by some type of cartilage
joined by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
ex) Symphyses, between vertebral segments
99
Synovial Joints
- A joint cavity between the bones
- A synovial membrane lining
- Articular cartilage
- diarthroses (freely moveable)
100
ligament
connects bone to bone
101
tendons
connect muscles to bones
102
synostosis
A joint that has ossified over time
103
Syndesmoses
fibrous joint- apposed bones are joined by a fibrous membrane (interosseous membrane) or a ligament.
amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
borders of the radius and ulna
104
what nerve and artery innervate trapezius
spinal accessory nerve
| transverse cervical artery
105
what nerve innervates latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal nerve
106
erector spinae muscles (3)
lateral to medial:
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
"i like spag"
maintain posture
deep/intrinsic muscles of back
107
where are transverse foramen? what do they transmit?
cervical vertebrae
| vertebral arteries
108
lordotic: define and where is it found
curve in C/L vertebrae
sway back
concave posterior
109
kyphotic: define and where is it found
curve in T/S
hunch back
concave anteriorly
110
define scoliosis
lateral curve
111
what muscles flex/extend head and rotate neck
splenius capitus/cervicis (superficial layer)
112
what is a sesamoid bone? where common?
bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle
patella, on hands/feet
smooth and nontender
act like pulleys, increase muscular forces
113
what innervates the levator scapulae m., rhomboideus major m., rhomboideus minor m.
dorsal scapular artery
| muscles help to retract and elevate the scapula
114
Spina prominens
the seventh cervical vertebra. It has a long, non-bifid spinous process which is prominent at the nape of the neck
115
what seperates the greater/lesser sciatic foramen
sacrospinous ligament and the sacrotuberous ligament.
116
innervation/action of thoracodorsal nerve?
thoracodorsal nerve innervates latissimus dorsi, which is an important muscle for adducting, medially rotating, and extending the arm.
area of the posterior axillary fold
117
Ligamentum flavum
ligaments of the spine.
connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, axis to sacrum.
interior of the vertebral canal
118
what does denticulate ligament seperate
ventral (motor) roots and dorsal (sensory) roots
119
where to perform a spinal tap
L4-L5 in subarchnoid space
120
where spinal cord terminates in adult
L1-L2
121
lumbar cistern
where LP is done:
enlargement of the subarachnoid space
holds conus medullaris
122
cervical nerves are named for vertebra____ them
below
123
T/L nerves are named for vertebra____ them
above
| *except L4/L5
124
list path for LP (8 layers)
```
skin-->
fascia
ligamentum flavum
epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid matter
subarachnoid space
```
125
where spinal cord terminates in BABY
AT BIRTH, THE END OF THE CORD is located at the IV disk at (L3)
conus medullaris ends at (L4/L5)
126
2 spinal cord enlargements: where and why
THE SPINAL CORD WIDENS in 2 regions to form the cervical and lumbar enlargements which are located at the level of origin of nerves that give rise to the brachial plexus for the upper extremity and the lumbosacral plexus for the lower extremity
127
boundaries of subopcipital triangle
```
rectus capitus posterior major
rectus capitus posterior minor
obliquus capitus superior
obliquus capitus inferior
at C1/C2
```
128
contained in suboccipital triangle
suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery
129
scapular notch: how are things stacked?
"air force over navy"
| (superficial) suprascapular artery --> transverse scapular ligament --> suprascapular nerve
130
phases of abduction of arm (3 muscles act)
1 supraspinatus
2 deltoid
3 trapezius
131
What structure runs in the deltopectoral groove?
Cephalic vein
132
What structure maybe injured during a mastectomy? What injury would this cause?
Long thoracic nerve
| Winged scapula
133
Where are lactiferous ducts found and what function do they perform?
Surround the nipple; carry milk from the glands to the nipple
134
Where do most breast cancers originate?
Lactiferous ducts
135
In what quadrant do most breast cancers why?
Upper outer quadrant; has more area because of the tail of Spence (extra piece of tissue extending into the axilla)
136
What are the two heads of the pec major?
- Sternocostal head
| - Clavicular head
137
What blood vessel runs under the pec major?
Thoracoacromial artery
138
Describe the origin, location, and destination of the lateral and medial pectoral nerves.
- Origin: lateral comes from lateral cord; medial from medial cord
- Location: lateral goes around pec minor; medial runs through pec minor
- Destination: medial innervates both pec minor and major; lateral only innervates pec major
139
What runs under the sternocleidomastoid?
Internal jugular vein and carotid artery
140
Name the 3 parts of the sternum, from superior to inferior.
- manubrium
- gladeolus
- xiphoid process
141
How many true ribs we have?
1-7 (attach to the sternum)
142
How many false ribs do we have?
8-10 (attach to cartilage of the upper rib)
143
How many floating ribs do we have?
11-12 (don't attach to anything)
144
Pectus excavatum
sterum is pushed inward like a bowl
| due to an overgrowth of ribs
145
Pectus carinatum
sternum protrudes outward
146
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is the growth of abnormally large breasts in males. It is due to the excess growth of breast tissue, not excess fat tissue.
147
What muscle separates the subclavian artery and vein?
Anterior scalene
| - vein is anterior; artery is posterior (same place where brachial plexus runs)
148
Where does the brachial plexus emerge from the neck?
Between anterior scalene and middle scalene, along with the subclavian vein and phrenic nerve
149
What are the branches in the 3 sections of the axillary artery?
1: Superior thoracic artery
2: Thoracoacromial trunk, Lateral thoracic artery
3: Subscapular artery, Anterior humoral circumflex artery, Posterior humoral circumflex artery
150
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
- sternocleidomastoid (anterior)
- clavicle (inferior)
- trapezius (posterior)
151
What is the largest branch of the axillary artery?
Subscapular artery
152
What is associated with an ape hand deformity?
Medial nerve injury
153
muscles/nerves in anterior compartment of upper arm
```
Anterior compartment= flexors
○ Coracobrachialis
○ Biceps brachii
○ Brachialis
○ Muscocutaneous nerve
```
154
muscles/nerves in posterior compartment of upper arm
Posterior compartment= extensors
○ Triceps
○ olecranon process
○ Radial nerve
155
Brachial plexus: branches of posterior cord
```
STAR:
Subscapular [upper and lower]
Thoracodorsal
Axillary
Radial
```
156
medial to lateral: name structures in order in the cubital space
```
Elbow: (MAT)
medial to lateral:
○ Median nerve
○ Brachial artery
○ Biceps tendon
```
157
3 groups of axillary lymph nodes
1) lateral to pectoralis minor muscle
2) behind pect. minor
3) medial to pect. minor
158
bad nodes for breast cancer to spread to
parasternal/ internal mammary nodes= cancer has penetrated chest cavity and will spread quickly
159
after piercing the supinator muscle, the deep branch of the radial nerve is renamed.....and provides what muscle action
this deep branch of the radial nerve becomes the posterior interosseus nerve
on dorsal hand: extends central digits of hand
160
what is lister's tubercle
bone in forearm on dorsal radius
acts as a post for pulley action by the EPL tendon
used to elevate the thumb
predisposes the tendon for rupture (friction or Fx)
161
most common area of radius to fracture
distal radius
162
what lies between the flexor and extensor compartment of the forearm
interosseus membrane, radial artery, sharp medial edge of ulna (no nerves)
can do longitudinal surgery incisions here
163
boundaries and contents of snuffbox
radial artery and scaphoid bone
164
only flexor muscle in posterior compartment of arm, and its innervation
brachioradialis
flexor of elbow
innervated by radial nerve (like other extensors)
165
spread of "synergistic (flesh-eating) infections" in forearm
spreads to hand first; posterior and anterior compartments in arm do not communicate
rapid spread if necrosis= surgical emergency
166
most vulnerable position arm can be in for dislocation injury
abduction and external rotation
| baseball pitcher
167
7 processes of vertebrae
(4) articular processes
(2) transverse
(1) spinous
168
prime flexors of MPJs in hand
interossei muscles
| helped my lumbricals
169
ulnar nerve enters hand through... (? canal)
guyon's canal
170
all interosseous muscles innervated by
ulnar nerve
171
what muscles give the hand "pinch function"
adductor pollicis and 1st dorsal interosseus muscle
172
what muscles give the hand "power grip"
hypothenar muscles on ulnar side of hand
173
what tendons support the transverse arch of the foot
fibularis longus and tibialis posterior tendons act as a stirrup uner transverse arch
174
What is the action of the quadriceps?
Knee extension
175
What is the course of the pudendal nerve?
Out the greater sciatic foramen, then into the lesser sciatic foramen to enter and innervate the perineum
176
How do you place a pudendal nerve block
palpate for the internal pudendal artery then inject jsut anterior to th epulsation to block the pudendal nerve block
177
What 3 muscles act together in ambulation, and how are they innervated?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimis, tensor fascia lata
| - superior gluteal nerve
178
What 3 muscles internally rotate the femur?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimis, tensor fascia lata
179
What 3 muscles keep the pelvis level?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimis, tensor fascia lata
180
What is the gross evidence of a posterior hip dislocation? When is this seen?
the affected leg will appear shortened, and the knee will be kept locked because the hamstrings are pulled
- trocanter sits laterally
- common in car accidents if the knee his the dashboard
181
What is the gross evidence of an anterior hip dislocation?
Affected extremity is laterally located but not shortened (may even appear longer than normal)
182
What are 3 fractures that can result in aseptic (sterile) necrosis of bone?
carpal scaphoid
femoral head (intracapular fracture)
calcaneus
183
What supplies the blood flow to the femoral head?
upper 2/3:
184
What are the main muscles used when ascending teh stairs or rising form the sitting position?
gluteus max
| quadracepts femoris
185
Whar are the 3 "antigravity muscles"?
```
gluteus maximum (mainly)
quadracepts femoris (mainly)
soleus
```
186
What is contained in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve
| the hamstring muscles
187
What innervates the two heads of the biceps femoris?
Long head: sciatic nerve
| Short hand: common fibular nerve
188
What is at risk with a knee dislocation?
Popliteal artery, and all the tissues distal to it
189
An injury that causes an "unhappy triad" disrupts what structures?
MCL, ACL, medial meniscus
190
What runs with the deep branch of the fibular nerve?
anterior tibial artery
- lacerations to these areas (anterior compartment) would cause hemorrhage and nerve damage (foot drop: can't extend the toes)
191
What everts the foot?
fibularis longus and fibularis brevis in the lateral compartment of the foot
192
What is the only sensory space of the deep fibular nerve?
The webspace between the great and 2nd toes
193
What muscles invert the mood
Tibilalis anterior and tibilalis posterior
194
Where does inversion/everson occur?
subtalar joint
195
Where does flexion/extension occur?
ankle joint
196
What is the "spring ligament"?
palantar calcaneonavicular ligament
197
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
- lateral head of gastrocnemius
- medial head of gastrocnemius
- semimembranosis
- biceps femoris
198
What is contained in the popliteal fossa?
- tibial nerve
- common fibulae nerve
- political artery
- popliteal vein
- sural nerve
199
What runs through the Hunter's canal?
Femoral artery and vein
200
What ligament divides the anal triangle and urge it'll triangle?
Superficial transverse perineal ligament
201
What are the boundaries of the urogenital and anal triangles?
Urogenital (upper): superficial transverse perineal muscle, ischial tuberosity, Ramos of ischium, public symphysis
Anal triangle (lower): superficial transverse perineal muscle, ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament, coccyx
202
What is Alcock's canal?
Where the pudendal nerve fiver the sacrotuberous ligament
203
What is the main action and innervation of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Extension of the knee
| Femoral nerve
204
What is the main action and innervation of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Flexors of the knee
| Sciatic nerve
205
What is the main action and innervation of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor of the leg
| Obturator nerve
206
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
- Inguinal ligament
- adductor longus
- sartorius
