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Medicine Yr 1 > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures

Fibrous sheets

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2
Q

Where is the interosseous membrane located?

A

Between the radius and ulna and also between the tibia and fibula

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3
Q

The coronal suture is an example of which type of joint?

A

Fibrous

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4
Q

Name the to types of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary and secondary

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5
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

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6
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint

A

Intervertebral discs

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7
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Wide sutures in the neonatal skull. All the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to slide over each other in “moulding”

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8
Q

Intervertebral discs are made up of an outer ____ and an inner ____

A

Outer fibrous anulus fibrosus and an inner soft nucleus pulposus

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9
Q

There are 7 typical features of synovial joints. Name at least 3 of these .

A

1/ 2 or more bones articulate with each other. 2/ The articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage. 3/ A capsule wraps around the joint. 4/ Contains a joint cavity. 5/ Supported by ligaments 6/ Associated with skeletal muscle and their tendons 7/ Associated with bursa

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10
Q

Ligament attaches ___ to ___

A

bone to bone

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11
Q

Tendon attaches ___ to ___

A

Muscle to bone ( or vice versa)

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12
Q

The synovial joint cavity contains what? and what is it’s purpose

A

Synovial fluid which lubricates the joint and provides nutrients to the hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of synovial joint? Give an example of each

A

1/ Pivot (atlanto-axial) 2/ Plane (acromioclavicular) 3/ Hinge (elbow) 4/ Ball and socket (hip) 5/ Biaxial aka saddle (carpometacarpal)

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14
Q

What is subluxation?

A

The reduction of the area of contact between articular surfaces

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15
Q

What is dislocation?

A

The complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

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16
Q

Craniovertebral joint, TMJ and shoulder joints are ones that commonly…?

A

dislocate

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17
Q

The articulations of the TMJ are?

A

The mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly

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18
Q

What is the special feature of the TMJ?

A

The articular disc

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19
Q

A chin remaining in the midline suggests a unilateral or bilateral dislocation?

A

Bilateral

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20
Q

Describe the transverse thoracic plane

A

The plane between the sternal angle and T4/% vertebral interspace

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21
Q

The thoracic inlet is….

A

Bound by ribs 1, T1 vertebra and jugular notch

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22
Q

What is the area above the transverse thoracic plane ?

A

The superior mediastinum

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23
Q

What is in the anterior mediastinum

A

The thymus gland

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24
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

It produces T lymphocytes in childhood

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25
Q

Name a disorders of the thymus

A

thymoma, thymic carinoma, lymphoma

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26
Q

What are the structures of the middle mediastinum?

A

Ascending aorta, heart, pericardium, inferior part of the SVC, superior part of the IVC

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27
Q

What part of the mediastinum is the trachea located?

A

The superior mediastinum

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28
Q

where is the azygous vein located?

A

Arching anteriorly, superior to the lung hilum on the right side of the body

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29
Q

Name the branches of the ascending aorta

A

The coronary arteries

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30
Q

Name the branches of the arch of the aorta

A

The brachiocephalic trunk
The left common carotid artery
The left subclavian artery

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31
Q

Name the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta

A 
Bronchial arteries
oesophageal arteries
mediastinal arteries
pericardial arteries
phrenic arteries
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32
Q

Name the bilateral branches of the thoracic aorta

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

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33
Q

Where does the RIGHT lymphatic duct drain into?

A

The right venous angle (25% of the body)

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34
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

The left venous angle (75% of the body)

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35
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerves is a branch of what?

A

the vagus nerve

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36
Q

Explain the route of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

hooks under the right subclavian artery. It does not enter the chest.

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37
Q

Explain the route of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

hooks under the arch of the aorta. Does enter the chest

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38
Q

The vagus nerve supplies… in the superior mediastinum

A

somatic sensory nerves for the laryngopharynx & larynx
somatic motor nerves for the pharynx & larynx
autonomic parasympathetic nerves for thoracic and abdominal organs

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39
Q

Name the three named parts of the lymphatic system

A

thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct
cisterna chyli

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40
Q

Name the superficial vein of the upper limb

A

cephalic vein

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41
Q

where is the carotid pulse located?

A

anterior to sterncleidomastoid muscle at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

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42
Q

where is the brachial pulse located?

A

medial to the biceps tendon in the cubital fossa.

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43
Q

where is the radial pulse located?

A

lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis

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44
Q

where is the femoral pulse located?

A

inferior to midpoint of the inguinal lingament

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45
Q

where is the popliteal pulse located?

A

in the popliteal fossa (immediately posterior to knee joint)

46
Q

where is the posterior tibial pulse located?

A

between the posterior border o the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon

47
Q

where is the dorsalis pedis pulse located?

A

medial to tendon of tensor hallucis longus distal to the ankle joint

48
Q

What process do long bones develop through?

A

Endochrondral ossification : small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone

49
Q

Name the two features of the neck of the femur which contribute to an increased incidence of fracture

A

Less compact bone

Thin/angled structure

50
Q

Name the 3 fossa of the floor of the cranial cavity

A

Anterior , middle and posterior cranial fossa

51
Q

What is another name of the bones of the cranial vault?

A

neurocranium

52
Q

What is another name of the bones of the facial skeleton?

A

viscerocranium

53
Q

Name the bones of the skull

A

frontal, sphenoid, parietal, temporal, occipital

54
Q

Name the bones of the facial skeleton

A

nasal bone, zygoma, maxilla, mandible

55
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

56
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

57
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

58
Q

How many sacral bones are there

A

5

59
Q

What is one of the functions of the intervertebral foreman

A

Protects the spinal nerve connecting the spinal cord

60
Q

what is the C1 vertebra called?

A

Atlas

61
Q

what is the C2 vertebra called

A

Axis

62
Q

what is the other name for the C7 vertebra

A

Vertebra prominens

63
Q

Name the three layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal layer + visceral layer = serous pericardium

64
Q

What structure restricts the spread of the cardiac impulse

A

the cardiac skeleton

65
Q

What is the cardiac plexus and what comprises it

A

A mixture of nerves that supplies the heart and includes sensory pain nerves and motor nerve which supplies the nodes and myocytes

66
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

is an uncoordinated contraction of myocytes that results in inefficient pumping that can be fatal if affecting the ventricles

67
Q

Name the four valves

A

tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary, mitral

68
Q

Types of skeletal muscle

A

flat muscle, pennate, fusiform, quadrate, circular/sphincteral

69
Q

What must a skeletal muscle do to move a joint?

A

Span the joint and attach to bones on both sides of the joint

70
Q

Reflexes are…

A

protective

71
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse where the motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle

72
Q

paralysis is..

A

a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply. Cannot contract

73
Q

spasticity is..

A

a muscle with an intact and functioning motor nerve. Over contraction of the muscle.

74
Q

How many compartments are in the thigh?

A

3 - anterior, medial, posterior

75
Q

How many compartments are in the leg?

A

3 - anterior, lateral, posterior

76
Q

How many compartments are in the arm?

A

2 - anterior and posterior

77
Q

How many compartments are in the forearm?

A

2 - anterior and posterior

78
Q

Which cavity are the ovaries located?

A

Pelvic cavity

79
Q

what is the pelvic inlet?

A

The way into the pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity

80
Q

what is the pelvic out

A

The way into the perineum from the pelvis

81
Q

where is the vesico-uterine pouch

A

between the bladder (vesical) and uterus

82
Q

where is the pouch of Douglas/ rectouterine pouch

A

most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity. Abnormal fluid in the peritoneal cavity will collect here in the upright position

83
Q

name the three layers of the wall of the body of the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

84
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tube

85
Q

where does implantation occur?

A

The body of the uterus

86
Q

What gland plays a vital role in regulating female hormone production and the development of the ova?

A

The pituitary gland

87
Q

Can STI’s cause peritonitis?

A

Yes! It can ravel up the uterus, the uterine tubes and to the peritoneal cavity

88
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

The fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity. A potential emergency due to danger of haemorrhage

89
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A

A type of female sterilisation. Both uterine tubes are clipped or cut or cauterised to occlude (block) the lumen

90
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

The hood of the penis

91
Q

where is the dartos muscle and what is it’s function?

A

A smooth muscle in the superficial fascia of the scrotum. 1/ Wrinkles/thickens the scrotal skin 2/ reduces the surface area of the scrotum. Both to maintain the correct scrotal temperature in cold conditions

92
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform venous plexus?

A

To drain deoxygenated blood from the testes

93
Q

Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

94
Q

Name the structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, left and right main bronchus, lobar bronchi,segmental bronchi, bronchioles , alveoli

95
Q

At what level of the vertebrae does the trachea begin?

A

C6

96
Q

At what level of the vertabrae does the oesophagus begin?

A

C6

97
Q

How many lung lobes are there in the human body and can you name them?

A

5 lobes. Left upper and lower and Right upper, middle and lower

98
Q

What assists in keeping the airway patent?

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage in the trachea and bronchi

99
Q

Name the structures of the nasal septum

A

Bony (posterior) part = ethmoid bone (superiorly and vomer (inferior). Hyaline cartilage septum

100
Q

What is the skeleton of the larynx consisted of?

A 
Cartilage:
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages
101
Q

What is the rim glottidis?

A

The narrowest part of the larynx

102
Q

What does the Heimlich manoeuvre aim to do?

A

Raise abdominal pressure - force the diaphragm superiorly - raise pressure in chest- raise pressure in lung- force air from lungs into trachea, force air through rim glottidis to expel foreign body out of URT

103
Q

Name the conchae of the nasal cavity

A

Superior, middle, inferior.

104
Q

What is the purpose of the conchae?

A

Increases surface area. Produces turbulent flow bringing air into contact of the walls.

105
Q

Where are your tonsils located?

A

Within the mucosa lining of the pharynx

106
Q

The true ribs are ribs … to….

A

1 to 6

107
Q

The false ribs are… to …

A

7 to 10

108
Q

The floating ribs are … to ..

A

11 to 12

109
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter , temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

110
Q

How many types of papilla are there on the tongue? and what are their names?

A

4 - foliate, vallate, fungiform, filiform

111
Q

What is the function of the buccinator?

A

To position the food bolus between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth for mastication

112
Q

Name the 3 pairs of major salivary glands

A

Parotid submadibular, sublingual

Medicine Yr 1 (10 decks)

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