Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Cricoid cartilage is at what vertebral level?
A
C6 (Cri6!!)
2
Q
chemoreceptor to O2
A
Carotid body
3
Q
Baroreceptor (changes in BP)
A
Carotid sinus
4
Q
Mild hoarseness, monotonous speech
A
External laryngeal nerve lesion
5
Q
Mild hoarseness, monotonous speech
A
External laryngeal nerve lesion
6
Q
Loss of sensation ABOVE the vocal cords
A
Internal laryngeal nerve lesion
7
Q
Respiratory obstruction, hoarseness, inability to speak, loss of sensation BELOW the vocal cords
A
Recurrent laryngeal nerve lesion
8
Q
Vein that drains directly to SVC
A
Azygos vein
9
Q
Veins that open directly to RA
A
Thebesian veins/Venis cordis minimae
10
Q
Cause of skin dimpling in breast
A
Shortening of Cooper’s ligament
11
Q
Termination of spinal cord
A
Conus medullaris
12
Q
Hernia with patent processus vaginalis
A
Indirect inguinal hernia
13
Q
Narrowest part of colon, likely site for obstruction
A
Sigmoid
14
Q
Widest part of colon, likely site for perforation
A
Cecum
15
Q
2 ft from ileocecal junction, 2% of population, 2 inches long
A
Meckel’s (true) dicerticulum
16
Q
In renal transplantation, renal vein is sutured to..
A
External iliac vein (renal vEIn)
17
Q
Group of muscles with most important role in supporting uterus
A
Levator ani
18
Q
Uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina are derivatives of
A
Müllerian ducts
19
Q
When is the expected sex differentiation where mesonephric ducts are converted to epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
A
8 weeks AOG
20
Q
What is the landmark of anesthesia pudendal block transvaginally?
A
Ischial spine
21
Q
What part of fallopian tube is ligated on tubal ligation?
A
Ampulla
22
Q
What ligament keeps the uterus in place
A
Broad ligament
23
Q
This causes pain or discomfort when stretched during pregnancy
A
Round ligament
24
Q
Common in both male or female reproductive system
A
Ilioinguinal nerve
25
Lobe of prostate gland enlarges in BPH
Middle
26
Zone of prostate gland tissue where carcinomas originate
Peripheral zone
27
Zone of prostate gland where BPH originate
Transition zone
28
Calcified secretions of prostate gland
Corpora amylacea
29
Lateral epicondylitis
Tennis elbow
30
Middle epicondylitis
Golfer's elbow
31
Nerve affected in surgical neck humeral fracture, cannot abduct arm
Axillary nerve
32
Nerve affected in Saturday night palsy, honeymoon palsy (sleeps on one side), crutch palsy, spiral humeral fracture
Radial nerve
33
Unable to hold a piece of paper between fingers, medial epicondyle
Ulnar nerve lesion
34
Supracondylar ridge humeral fracture
Median nerve
35
Hypothenar muscles in hand
Ulnar nerve
36
Thenar muscles
Median nerve
37
Most frequently injured nerve in leg, footdrop, steppage gait, cannot evert and plantar flex foot
Common peroneal nerve
38
Cannot stand on tiptoes
Tibial nerve (tiptib)
39
Sudden acute pain at the back of calf or ankle
Achilles tendon rupture
40
Terrible/unhappy triad/O'donoghue, most common structures in knee injury
Tibial collateral ligament
Medial meniscus
Anterior cruciate ligament
41
Ipsilateral motor paralysis, contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
Brown-Sequard syndrome
42
Area 44, 45
Broca's area (divide by 2= 22 wernicke's)
43
Brodmann area 17
Primary visual cortex (Taylor's 15 and lacks this haha!)
"SEEventeen!!"
44
Inability to whistle, loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
Bell's palsy
45
Secretes PTH which stimulates Calcium release
Chief cells
46
Only bone not articulated with another bone
Hyoid bone
47
All infrahyoid muscles depress hyoid bone except
Sternothyroid muscle
48
What forms the carotid sheath
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve
49
Space from which blood, pus, or air can spread downward to superior mediastinum
Retropharyngeal space
50
2nd/3rd molar infection can spread downward to
Submandibular space (sublingual/submylohyoid)
51
Shortening of SCM
Torticollis/Wry neck
52
Boundaries of anterior triangle
Midline of neck
Inferior border of mandible
Anterior SCM
53
Drains tip of tongue and lower lip
Submental lymph nodes
54
Drains the anterolateral aspect of tongue
Submandibular lymph nodes
55
Level of lymph node where nasal carcinoma spreads
Level V (posterior triangle)
56
Level of lymph node where thyroid carcinoma metastasize
Level Vi
57
Muscle that divides the subclavian vein and artery into anterior and posterior
Scalenus anterior muscle
58
Zones of penterating neck trauma with greatest morbidity and mortality
Zones I and III
59
All muscles in pharynx are innervated by Vagus nerve except
Stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
60
PTPL
Waldeyer's ring
61
No gag post palatine tonsillectomy
Glossopharyngeal nerve injury (IX)
62
Between thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage, and where true vocal cords lie superiorly
Cricothyroid membrane
63
Complications of cricothyrotomy
Esophageal perforation, hemorrhage
64
True vocal folds
Avascular (white), mobile
65
Where aspirated foods lodged, narrowest part of larynx
Rima glottidis
66
only muscle to abduct and open larynx
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
67
All laryngeal muscles are supplied by RLN except cricothyroid muscle, supplied by
External branch of superior LN
68
What structures affected in cricothyroid membrane injury?
Internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery
69
Injury to bilateral RLN
Respiratory obstruction
70
What structure is to watch out for in tracheostomy for bleed concern?
Inferior laryngeal vein
71
Stomach gas absent in perinatal UTZ
frothy bubbles in mouth and nose of neonate
Rattling resporation
Coughing/choking while feeding
Trache-esophageal fistula
72
What structure moves when swallowing
Hyoid bone
73
Causes significant bleeding during thyroid surgery
Thyroidea ima artery/inferior thyroid vein
74
Landmark in checking for RLN during thyroid surgery
Inferior thyroid artery (Simon's triangle)
75
What structure is commonly damaged/removed in throidectomy?
Inferior parathyroid glands
76
Landmark for dividing subclavian vein into 3 parts
Scalenus anterior muscle
77
Left brachiocephalic artery branches out to common carotid artery and external carotid artery (true or false)
False!! Walang brachiocephalic artery sa left kasi ang left subclavian artery directly branches out from aortic arch!!!
78
External carotid artery branches
SALFOPMS
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
79
Gives rise to RLN
Vagus nerve
80
Level of cervical plexus
C1-C4
81
Muscular branches of ansa cervicalis
Infrahyoid muscles:
OSSO (omohyoid superior and inferior belly, sternohyoid, sternothyroid)
82
Only motor innervation of diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
83
False ribs
8-12th
84
False ribs
8-12th
85
Common site for bone marrow biopsy
Sternum
86
Structure in which purpose is to protect the intercostal nerve and vessels
Costal groove
87
Ribs most commonly fractured
Middle ribs (5th to 10th)
88
Cause of this syndrome is cervical ribs (elongation) or abnormal insertion of scalene muscles
Thoracic outlet syndrome
89
Muscles responsible for inspiration; "hands in the pocket" position
External intercostals
Internal intercostals - expiration; "hands on the chest"
90
Main muscle of inspiration
Diaphragm
91
What nerve distribution is caused by the referred pain on the medial side of upper arm in coronary artery disease?
T2
92
Artery that Supplies posterior intercostal
Thoracic aorta
93
Arteries that supply the anterior intercostals
Internal thoracic artery and musculophrenic artery
94
Lymphatics that drains the lobe of left lung
Right lymphatic duct (only unique na dinedrain nya, the rest from upper right side)
Thoracic duct - drains the rest of the body
95
Where do the anterior thoracic wall drains?
Anterior axillary nodes
*posterior is to posterior axillary nodes
96
Superior mediastinal contents
PVT Left BATTLES
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve
Thoracic duct
Left RLN
Brachiocephalic vein
Trachea
Thymus
Lymphatics
Esophagus
SVC
97
Which part of mediastinum is heart located?
Medial of inferior mediastinum
98
Visceral layer of pericardium
Epicardium
99
Critical structure in cardiac surgery where surgical clamp and ligatures are passed through enabling diversion of blood in the great arteries temporarily
Pericardial sinuses
100
Dermatomal distribution of phrenic nerve
C3-C5
101
Site of pericardiocentesis
5th-6th ICS Left, near sternum, substernal approach
102
Location of coronary arteries
Aortic valve cusps
103
During systole, there is no blood flow to the coronary arteries ( T or F)
True
104
Heart valve commonly affected in Rheumatic fever; opening snap, diastolic murmur
Mitral valve
105
Presents as head bobbing/nodding every heart beat
Aortic regurgitation (De Musset sign)
106
Remnant of foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
107
Structure in heart valves that prevents regurgitation of blood
Chordae tendineae
108
Heart chamber that is compressed by mediastinal mass
Left atrium (base, most posterior)
109
What artery supplies the R and L ventricles
Anterior interventricular artery or LADA
110
Veins that drain directly to RA
Thebesian veins and anterioc cardiac vein
GSMO are the coronary sinus, do not directly drain
111
Location of SA node
Junction between SVC and RA
112
Dermatomal distribution at nipple level
T4
113
Dermatomal distribution of substernal pain
T1-T5
114
Most common site of occlusion in MI
Anterior interventricular artery (40-50%)
115
Most common CHD
Patent foramen ovale (ASD)
116
MCC of CHD (R to L shunting of blood)
ToF
117
Remnant of urachus
MediaN umbilical vein
*mediaL umbilical vein - umbilical artery
118
Fascia that covers the cervical pleura
Sibson's fasia
119
Procedure in which Insertion is at 7th to 9th ICS MAL
Thoracentesis
*4th-5th ICS AAL - chest tube thoracostomy
120
Pleura that is sensitive to stretch
Visceral pleura (pulmonary plexus)
Parietal pleura - pain, touch, temp, pressure (IC nerves and phrenic nerve)
121
Entrance and exit of the root of the lung, medial aspect
Hilum
R: bro arte bro vein vein
L: arte bro vein vein
122
How many bronchopulmonary segments there is in the left lung?
8-10
123
Where do you auscultate for inferior lobe of lung?
Posterior and inferior of back
124
Lung sound that is high-pitched and musical; epiglottitis, airway edema, FB
Stridor
125
A child who is standing suddenly choked on his food. Which lung segment did the foreign body most likely lodged?
Posterobasal segment, inferior lobe of right lung
126
A child lying on his left side had seizure and aspirated his secretions. Which lung segment?
Superior segment of inferior lobe, L
127
Aspiration pneumonia, which lobe?
Superior segments of lower lobe
128
Only arteries carrying deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary segmental arteries
129
Pyramidal in shaped, consisting the pulmonary segmental artery and intersegmental veins on the side
Bronchopulmonary segment
130
Which arteries supply oxygenated blood to the lungs?
Bronchial arteries
131
Malignant neoplasm in the lung apex; pain radiates to shoulder and medial aspect of arm, atrophy of muscles
Pancoast tumor/syndrome
132
Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, vasodilation, enopthalmos (lesions of cervical sympathetic ganglia)
Horner's syndrome
133
Where does the left inferior lobe drains?
Right lymphatic duct
134
Pulsatile swelling in suprasternal notch
Aneurysm of aortic arch
135
Most common congenital anomaly; cause is maternal rubella during early pregnancy
Patent ductus arteriosus
136
18 yo with BP lower in lower limbs than in upper limbs; dilatation of intercostal arteries (seen as notching in the xrays)
Coarctation of the aorta, postductal
Preductal - infantile form, poor prognosis
137
Continuation of sigmoid sinus
Internal jugular vein, has tributaries similar to external cartoid artery (SALFOPMS + middle thyroid vein)
138
What is the possible complication of left IJV catheterization?
Chylothorax (punctured thoracic duct)
Pneumothorax (cervical pleura higher on left side)
139
Medical emergency wherein SVC is compressed due to LN enlargement from a bronchogenic carcinoma mets
SVC Syndrome
140
Connects SVC to IVC
Azygos vein
141
Produces milk
Mammary gland
142
Breast is generally on what level of ribs?
2-6
143
What allows movement of breast
Retromammary space
144
Where do the inferior quadrants of the breast drain?
Subdiaphragmatic inferior phrenic LN
145
What structure is used for basis in axillary lymphatics grading
Pectoralis minor
I - lateral
II - deep
III - medial
146
Skin dimpling of the breast
Shortening of Cooper's ligament
147
Removal of breast, pectoralis major and minor, axillary lymph nodes and vessels
Radical mastectomy
148
Damaged post radical mastectomy causes winged scapula
Long thoracic nerve
149
Clinical staging of breast mass, 2 cm in size, with 2 axillary nodes involvement, no mets
Stage 2
150
Innervation of diaphragm
Phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve for lateral sensory fibers
151
Umbilicus corresponds to what level in vertebrae?
L3-L4 (dermatome T10)
152
This fascia becomes dartos muscle in the scrotum
Camper's fascia
153
this fascia becomes colles' fascia in perineum
Scarpa's fascia
154
part of cerebellum that coordinates movement
APS:
Anterior
Paleo
Spinocerebellar
155
part of cerebellum that regulated voluntary movements
PNC:
posterior
neocerebellum
cerebro
156
Muscle with inferomedial direction or "hands in the pocket", "extrovert"
External oblique muscle
157
Muscle with superomedial direction, "hands in the chest", "introvert"
Internal oblique muscle
158
Abdominal muscle that ends in aponeurosis, transverse arrangement
Transversus abdominis
159
Vertical muscle, "abs", on either side of linea alba, with segmental tendinous intersections
Rectus abdominis (wreck-it-abs)
160
Tenses linea alba, absent in 20% of population
Pyramidalis
161
Aponeurosis of muscles, anterior and posterior, T7-T12
Rectus sheath
162
Potential space between transversalis fascia and parietal peritoneum, for placing mesh in repairing inguinal hernias
Space of Bogros
163
Aka linea semicircularis; 5 cm below umbilicus, midway between umbilicus and pubic crest
Arcuate line
164
Most posterior portion of abdominal wall; only structure posteriorly below the arcuate line
Transversalis fascia
165
Vertebral level where abdominal aorta divides into R and L external iliac arteries
L4
166
Supplies anterior scrotum
Ilioinguinal nerve (1LIO)
1st lumbar: ilioinguinal nerve and iliohypogastric nerve
167
Lymphatic drainage above umbilicus
Axillary lymph nodes
(below: superficial inguinal nodes)
168
Internal oblique muscle becomes ___ in scrotum
Cremaster muscle
169
Afferent nerve of cremasteric reflex
Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
Efferent: genital branch
170
Potential sites of herniation, where structures exit and enter abdominal cavity
Inguinal region
171
Medial: rectus abdominis muscle
Inferior: inguinal ligament (Poupart ligament)
Lateral: inferior epigastric artery
Hesselbach triangle
172
Immediately above inguinal ligament
Inguinal canal
173
Common structure in inguinal canal in male and female
Ilioinguinal nerve
174
Testes begins to descend in what week?
28th week
175
Serous fluid accumulates due to persistent processus vaginalis
Hydrocele
176
Rupture of testicular blood vessels
Hematocele
177
Retention cyst due to sperm in head of epididymis
Spermatocele
178
Appear as "bag-of-worms", dilation of testicular vein
Varicocele
179
Hernia due to weakened abdominal muscles, common in elderly
Direct Inguinal Hernia
180
Common in children, enters scrotum, patent processus vaginalis
Indirect inguinal hernia
181
Pain in what structure in which irritation to C3-C5 causes pain over the shoulder
Parietal peritoneum
182
What part is not covered at all by any peritoneum layer?
Inferior rectum
183
Retroperitoneal organs
SAD PUCKER
Suprarenal gland
Abadominal aorta/IVC
Duodenum (2nd and 3rd)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum (middle)
184
Permits free movement of stomach
Omental bursa/Lesser sac
185
Opening from greater to lesser sac; immediately inferior to hepatoduodenal ligament
Foramen of winslow/Epiploic foramen
186
Portal triad boundaries
P- IVC
S: caudate lobe of liver
i: superior part of duodenum
187
Continuity of visceral and parietal peritoneum
Mesentery
188
Abdominal policemen
Omentum
189
Hepatoduodenal ligament is manually compressed to control bleeding in liver during surgery
Pringle maneuver
190
Insertion site 2cm below umbilicus midline thru linea alba
Paracentesis
191
Abdominal aorta bifurcates at what level
L4 (remember bi4cation!)
192
Boundary of foregut/celiac trunk
Proximal duodenum, 2nd part
193
Artery that supplies proximal duodenum to upper 1-3 of transverse colon
Siperior mesenteric artery
194
1/3 of tramverse colon to upper part of anus
Hindgut (inferior mesenteric artery)
195
1/3 of tramverse colon to upper part of anus
Hindgut (inferior mesenteric artery)
196
Hepatoduodenal ligament is compressed manually in omental foramen to control bleeding, what procedure?
Pringle maneuver
197
Celiac trunk
LSC
Left gastric artery:
Lesser curvature
esophagus
SpLenic artery: PaGasGas (short)
Splenic
Pancreatic
Left gastroepiploic
Short gastric
Common hepatic artery - CHAR lang
Proper hepatic
Right gastric - R gastroepiploic
Gastroduodenal
198
Anastomosis between SMA and IMA
Marginal anastomosis/ marginal artery of Drummond
199
Aortic aneurysm location
Proximal to bi4cation (L4)
200
What artery will be eroded in ulcer of posterior wall of stomach
Splenic artery
201
L5 level is where the 2 common iliac veins unite forming ___
Inferior vena cava (I 8 - pierces the diaphragm at T8)
202
What veins directly drain to IVC?
Right Suprarenal, renal, gonadal
Sa left, suprarenal and gonadal drain to left renal then IVC
203
Complications of portal hypertension
Variceal hemorrhage (increased collateral blood flow)
Ascites
204
Splenic vein has the same tributaries with splenic artery in celiac trunk with one addition:
Inferior mesenteric veins:
Superior rectal
Sigmoid
Left colic
205
Superior mesenteric veins have the same tributaries with artery but with addition of ____
Right gastroepiploic artery
206
Anastomosis 1 from IVC and 1 from systemic
Porta-caval anastomosis
207
Anastomosis of portal vein to anterior wall of IVC; splenic vein to left renal vein after splenectomy
Porta-caval shunts
208
Esophagus pierces diaphragm at __
T10 (I 8 10 eggs)
IVC T8
Esophagus T10
209
Esophagus is attached to diaphragm via
Phrenico-esophageal ligament
210
Esophageal constrictions
1. Upper esophageal/cervical/
pharyngoesophageal
2. Middle/thoracic/broncho-aortic
3. Inferior/diaphragmatic
15-25-40 cm from incisors
211
What always accompanies vagus nerve?
Esophagus
VEV arrangement
LARP orientation:
Left vagus anterior
Right vagus posterior to esophagus
212
Failure of relaxation of inferior esophageal sphincter
Achalasia
213
Type of diaphragmatic hernia with stomach part into the mediastinum
Sliding type
214
Procedure to compress and stop esophageal hemorrhage from varices
Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon insertion
215
Can hold 2-3 liters of food
Stomach
216
Cardiac orifice of stomach is at what level
6th left costal cartilage (baba ng apex beat 5th ICS, left)
217
Gallbladder at what level
9th costal cartilage (imagine baliktad na 9)
218
Gastric arteries
Gastroepiploic
Short gastric
Haller's tripod
219
Inconsistent vessel connecting left gastric artery to inferior phrenic arteries; ligated in hernia repair to avoid severe bleeding
Belsey's artery
220
Most common site of gastric carcinomas
Pylorus
221
Most common site of gastric ulcer
Body on lesser curvature above angularis incisura
222
Nasogastric tube intubation distance
44cm from nostril to cardiac orifice
223
Nasogastric tube intubation distance
44cm from nostril to cardiac orifice
224
Retroperitoneal part of duodenum
2nd and 3rd
225
Retroperitoneal part of duodenum
2nd and 3rd
226
Which part of duodenum is hepaticopancreatic ampulla located
2nd part, descending
227
Part of duodenum flexed by this structure, and this contraction widens angle of duodenojejunal flexure
Ligament of Treitz (4th part/ascending)
228
Which part of duodenum is compressed by superior mesenteric vessels
3rd part/horizontal/inferior
229
Most common site of duodenal ulcer
Anterior wall of 1st part (posterior wall less common but may erode to gastroduodenal artery leading to severe hemorrhage and pancreas perforation)
230
Artery in parallel to intestinal wall where vasa recta arise
Maginal artery of Dwight
231
Specialized lymphatic vessels which absorb fat
Lacteals
232
Jej va ileum
More fat in mesentery
Ileum
Jejunum:
Less arcade, fat, lymphoid
More: thick, vascular, tall, plica
233
Most common intususception site
Ileocecal
234
2 inches long, 2% of pop, 1st 2 years, 2:1 boys, 2 types extopic tossue gastric and pancreatic, 2 ft proximal to ileocecal junction,
Meckel's diverticulum
235
Which part of pancreas is compressed by tumor
Uncinate process
236
hepaticopancreatic ampulla, empties to duodenum
Main pancreatic ampulla/duct of Wirsung
(do the M and W)
237
Accessory pancreatic duct
Duct of Sartorini
238
MCC of obstructive jundice
Pancreatic cancer in head
239
Removal of head of pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder, CBD, distal stomach
Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy
240
False divider of liver to right and left lobe
Falciform ligament
241
True divider of liver into R and L lobes
Cantlie's line "you can't lie!"
It follows blood supply from IVC to gallbladder fossa
242
Structures located in hepaticoduodenal ligament
Portal triad:
Portal vein - posterior
Proper hepatic artery - left anterior
CBD - right
*mickey-mouse sign on utz
243
Remnant of ligamentum teres/round ligament
Left umbilical vein
244
Lobule: Triangular in shaped, based on bile flow
Portal lobule - central veins at sides
Liver acinus - based on blood flow, diamond shaped
245
Based on blood flow, diamond-shaped in liver, has 3 zones
Acinus of Rappaport/liver acinus
Zone I closes ti portal tract
246
Area between caudate and quadrate lobes in liver
Porta hepatis/hilum
247
Site of liver biopsy
10th MAL, right at full expiration
248
Gallbladder at what level
9th costal cartilage (ibaliktad ang 9)
249
What stimulates release of bile?
Cholecystokinin
250
Cystic duct has
Spiral valves of Heisterr (higher, valves of houston sa rectum lower)
251
This triangle's purpose is to easily locate cystic artery
Triangle of Calot:
Inferior border of liver
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
252
Commonly injured during cholecystectomy
Right hepatic artery
253
Valve of Kerckring
Jejunum and ileum
254
Widest part of colon and prone to perforation
Cecum
255
Narrowest part of colon, prone to obstruction
Sigmoid
256
Folds in the colon, caused by pulling force of taenia coli
Haustra
257
Appendix is a lymphoid organ. T or F
False, it just accumulates aggregate lymphoid tissue
258
Purpose of lymphoid organs is to produce
Lymphocytes
259
What structure is in danger during appendectomy which leads to weakened abdominal wall if damaged?
Iliohypogastric nerve
260
Semicircular fold of mucous membrane at the opening of appendix
Gerlach's valve
261
Whwre does ruptured appendix or diverticula accumulate?
Right paracolic gutter
262
Splenic flexure is attached to diaphragm via
Phrenicocolic ligament
263
Marginal artery is anatomosis between IMA and
Middle colic artery
264
Muscle responsible for fecal continence during resting
Puborectalis muscle
265
Part of anal canal that is involuntary in control and sensitive to stretch
Internal anal sphincter
266
Junction between superior and inferior part of anal canal
Dentate/pectinate/anorectal line
267
From anorectal inguinal junction to anal verge
Surgical anal canal
(Functional is from dentate line to anal verge)
268
Position of hemorrhoids
3,7,11 o'clock
Left lateral
Right posterior
Right anterior
269
Failure of peristalsis in aganglionic segment
Hirschsprung's/congenital megacolon
270
Persistence of remnant of vitelline duct, ileal diverticulum
Meckel's diverticulum
271
Most vulnerable abdominal organ
Spleen
272
Filtration site of spleen
Red pulp "filters red"
"Lympha white"
273
Muscle of the loin
Psoas major
274
Ligament that carries tail of pancreas and splenic vessels
Splenorenal/lienorenal ligament
275
Kidneys are closely in contact with what muscle
Psoas major
276
Kidneys are at what lumbar level
L2 (kidneys are 2)
277
What encloses kidney and suprarenal glands
Gerota's fascia
278
External to renal fascia
Perinephric fat/pararenal
279
What is the desired structure for kidney donation
Left renal vein - longer and crosses aorta
280
In renal transplantation, renal vein is anastomosed to
External Iliac vein - renal vEIn
281
What is the vessel that may compressed left renal vein and what are the complications
Superior mesenteric artery
(Renal and adrenal hypertension, L
Left varicocele
282
Left gonadal vein drains to
Left renal vein
Right gonadal directly to IVC
283
Origion of adrenal medulla
Neural crest
Cortex - mesoderm
284
Right adrenal gland drains to
IVC
Left adrenals to Left renal vein first
285
Cortical hyperplasia due to carcinoma of adrenal cortex
Cushing syndrome
286
Hyposecretion of adrenal gland
Addison's disease
287
Excessive androgen production during fetal period
Congential adrenal hyperplasia
288
Ureteri constrictions
Ureteropelvic junction
Pelvic brim
Ureterovesical (true constriction)
289
Dermatomal distribution of renal colic
T11 through L2
290
"Loin to groin" pain
Passing of stone
291
Arterial supply of intravesical ureter
Superior vesical artery
292
What is commonly injured during TAHBSO?
Distal ureter
293
Below and behind uterine artery
Ureters
294
Maximum capacity of urinary bladder
500ml
295
Apex of urinary bladder is connected to umbilicus by
Median umbilical ligament (urachus remnant)
296
Smooth muscles that contract or compress the bladder
Detrusor muscles:
Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
297
True ligaments of urinary bladder
Pubovesical
Rectovesical
298
Inhibits detrusor muscle contraction during.
Sympathetic response
299
Emergency procedure to aspirate urine from the urinary bladder
Suprapubic aspiration
300
What is the narrowest part of urethra
Membranous/ external sphincter containing urogenital diaphragm
301
3 erectile tissue in penis
Paired corpora cavernosa (C)
Midline corpora spongiosum
covered by Buck's fascia
302
Fascia that is continuous with external oblique muscle and rectus sheath
Buck's fascia
303
Nerve of penis
Internal pudendal nerve (pe-in-is)
304
Nerve of penis
Internal pudendal nerve (pe-in-is)
305
Muscles that maintain erection
Bulbospongiosus muscle and ischiocarvernosus muscle
306
Erection is controlled by what
Parasympathetic
Point is para
Shoot is sympa
307
Abdominal muscle that doesnt have scrotum counterpart
Transversus abdominis
308
What structure persist that leads to congenital indirect inguinal hernia
Processus vaginalis
309
Descent of testis is completed at what AOG
20-28th wk
310
25% of cryptorchidism is at what level
Inguinal canal
60% suprascrotal
311
Where do testicular cancer spread first
Lumbar/aortic nodes
312
Matures sperm
Epididymis
313
Carries sperm
Vas deferens
314
Delivers sperm
Ejaculatory duct
315
Sperm pathway
SEVEnUP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Penis
316
80% of ejaculate comes from this
Seminal vesicle - responsible for smell of semen
317
Largest accessory gland
Prostate gland
318
Part of prostate gland where DRE is felt
Peripheral zone (common site of carcinomas)
319
BPH zone
Transition zone
320
Calcified secretions of prostate
Corpora amylacea
321
Condition in which Periurethral zone of prostate is affected
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
322
Common complication of Transurethral resection of prostate
Retrograde ejaculation
323
Inominate bones that fuse in adulthood
Ileum, pubis, ischium
324
What separates false pelvis from true pelvis
Pelvic brim
325
If the head of the baby is already engaged, this means it already passed the ___
Pelvic inlet
326
Pelvic inlet is lateral to __
Iliopectinate line
327
The part of pelvis that determines whether it is male or female is what?
Anterior portion
328
Funnel-shaped pelvis
Android
329
The only conjugate that is measured
Diagonal conjugate
330
What is the shortest and narrowest part of pelvic inlet that the fetal head must pass
Obstetric conjugate
331
What is the 1st part of pelvic inlet that the fetal head must pass
True conjugate
332
Narrowest portion between pelvic inlet and outlet
Midplane/plane of least pelvic dimensions
333
Used to measure pelvic outlet
Bituberous diameter - between ischial tuberosities (place closed fist)
334
Female or male pelvis?
Oval-shaped, shorter sacrum
Female
335
Ligaments that divide greater and lesser sciatic foramen
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
336
Pathway of greater sciatic foramen
From pelvic to Gluteal region
SNIP NIPP
Sciatic nerve
Nerve to obturator internus
Internal pudendal vessels
Pudendal nerve
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Inferior and SUPERIOR GLUTEAL VESSELS and nerve
Piriformis
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
337
Common structures of greater and lesser sciatic foramen
PIN
Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal vessels
Nerve to obturator internus
Lesser sciatic: PIN TO
Tendon to Obturator internus
338
Structure above piriformis muscle
Superior gluteal a/v/n
339
Supports urethra and maintains ureterovesical junction
Urogenital diaphragm
340
Acts as sling that supports and maintains pelvic viscera
Levator ani:
Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
341
Often torn in childbirth
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis muscles
342
Result of weakened pelvic diaphragm
Uterine prolapse, cystocele, rectocele
343
Urogenital triangle
External genitalia
Urogenital
344
Anal triangle
Anal canal
External anal sphincter
Ischioanal fossae
345
Least affected in episiotomy
Ischiocavernosus
346
Clitoris in female is perforated by urethra (T or F)
False
only in males
347
Homologue of scrotum in females
Labio majora
both swollen or engorged
348
Above clitoris
Prepuce
below: frenulum
349
Wedge-shaped, fat-filled, supports anal canal and distends during defecation
Ischioanal fossae
350
Superficial fatty layer continuous with ischioanal fossae
Camper's fascia
Colles - deep membranous layer
351
What muscle is damaged in mediolateral episiotomy?
Deep transverse perineal muscle
352
Structure that is at risk of injuring during median episiotomy
External anal sphincter
353
1st to branch out off abdominal aorta at L1
Ovarian artery
354
What is commonly ligated during gynecologic surgery to control bleeding
Internal iliac artery
355
Anterior to ureters, "water under the bridge"
Uterine artery
356
Pudendal canal
Alcock's canal - pudendal vessels and nerve
357
Homologue of penis in females
Clitoris
358
What drains to left renal vein
Left Testicular/gonadal vein
Left adrenal
Left ovarian vein
359
Supplies muscles and skin of perineum, external anal sphincter
Pudendal nerve
360
Nerve responsible for expulsion of urine from penile urethra during micturition
Pudendal nerve
361
Landmark for pudendal nerve block perineal approach
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial spine for transvaginal approach
362
Testosterone is produced by
Leydig cells
363
Part of undifferentiated gonads that develop in males
Medulla
cortex in female
364
Testosterone production begins when
8th week
365
If no testosterone, mesonephric duct regresses to
Paramesonephric ducts:
uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina (upper part)
366
Homologue of skene's glands in males
Prostate gland
Bartholin's - couper/bulbourethral glands
367
Delayed menses, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding/spotting
Ectopic pregnancy (do a PT)
368
What part of fallopian tube is scary magkaectopic kasi later pa magrupture
Interstitial
369
Most dependent part of pelvic cavity when standing
Posterior cul-de-sac/Pouch of Douglas
370
Needle passed thru posterior fornix to check for abnormal fluid behind uterus
Culdocentesis
371
Common position of uterus
Anteverted, anteflexed
372
What causes pain and discomfort in pregnancy?
Round ligament - stretching
373
Remnant of upper gubernaculum, connect lateral margin of uterus to ovary
Round ligament of ovary
374
Ligament Strongest support to uterus
Cardinal/transverse cervical/mackenrodt's
375
Common sites of ureteral injury
Ureteropelvic junction
Ureterovesical
Uterine artery level
376
Transformation zone in cervix
Between new and old squamocolumnar junction
377
Nerve supplying lower 1/3 of vagina
Pudendal nerve
378
Remnant of hymen in adult female
Caruncle myriformes
379
380
Autonomic nerves in pelvic region
Inferior hypogastric plexus
381
Ovary, fallopian tubes, and uterine fundus drains to what lymph nodes
Paraaortic
thats why naga PALS after TAHBS
382
Part of gonads that develop in males
Medulla
cortex in females
383
Immobile join
Synarthroses
384
Flexion and extension joint
Hinge joint
385
386
Freely movable joint
Diarthroses
Amphiarthroses - slightly
387
which provides physical and nutritional support to sperm cells
sertoli cells
388
Pronation supination joint
Pivot
389
Carpometacarpal thumb
Saddle joint
390
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Condyloid
391
Most commonly fractured part of clavicle
Junction between medial and lateral of clavicle
392
Most commonly fractured bone in the body
Clavicle
393
Torn in acromioclavocular dislocation/shoulder separation
Choracoclavicular ligament
394
Pain on medial side of forearm and hand
Muscle wasting
Poor upper ext pulses
Thoracic outlet syndrome
395
Paralyzed serratus anterior muscle
Scapular winging
396
Long thoracic nerve injury
Winged scapula
397
Unable to abduct arm above horizontal
Winged scapula/long thoraric nerve injury/paralyzed serratus anterior
398
Most common direction of shoulder dislocation
Inferior (moore)
Anteroinferior (BRS)
399
Posterior circumflex
Humeral vessels
Axillary nerve
Quadrangle space content (POCHA)
400
Most common dislocated large joint is shoulder dislocation. This may damage what nerve?
Axillary nerve
401
Rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
Infrapsinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
402
Part of rotator cuff that inserts at lesser tuberosity
Subscapularis
the other 3 insert at greater tuberosity
403
What degenerates in spuraspinatus tendinitis as a result of excessive overhead activity
Subacromial bursa
404
Fracture in surgical neck of humerus
Axillary nerve damage
405
Distal end humeral fracture
Median nerve
406
Part of ulna that forms prominence of elbow
Olecranon process
407
Strongest supinator of arm
Biceps brachii muscle supplied by musculocutaneous nerve
408
409
Action of triceps of the arm
Extensors
410
Action of lateral epicondyle of humerus
Wrist extensors
(Deep branch of radial nerve)
411
only GIT organ with no submucosal layer
gallbladder
412
Anterior fascial compartment of humerus nerve supply
Median nerve
Most originates in medial epicondyle of humerus
413
Cubital fossa contents
Media AT Radio:
Median nerve
brachial Artery
Tendon of biceps
Radial nerve
414
The carrying angle is 18 degrees. What do you call this?
Cubitus valgus (>15)
<15 cubitus varus
Angle between humerus and ulna
415
Radial head subluxation
Pulled elbow (nursemaid's elbow)
416
Fracture of distal radius with dislocated ulna
Galleazi fracture
417
Dinner-fork deformity caused by fall on an outstretched hand
Colle's fracture
418
Fall on the back of the hand fracture
Smith's fracture
419
Bone that articulates with thumb
Trapezium (tra-thumb)
420
Largest Carpal bone
Capitate (Ca-Ca)
421
Most common dislocated carpal bone
Lunate (dislunated)
may cause CTS
422
Pain on anatomical snuffbox after a fall on an outstretched hand
Scaphoid fracture (scaph-snuff)
423
incised in surgery to decompress carpal tunnel syndrome
Transverse carpal ligament
424
elleeeee, iperfect na yan!!!
hahahahah
425
Nerve affected in CTS
Median nerve
426
What bone is most easily palpated in anatomic snuffbox
Scaphoid
427
39 yo, labandera, complained of wrist pain radiating to forarm and distally to thumb due to repetitive forceful use of hands during gripping
De Quervain's synovitis (tami washerwoman's)
428
ureters enter the urinary bladder at what position
posterolateral
429
Thumb forcefully abducted, what fracture
Bennett fracture
430
A boxer injured his hand after a fight. What area affected is suspected?
Necks of 4th/5th metacarpals
Boxer's fracture
431
Action of condyloid joint
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
FlexExAbAd
432
What muscles adduct fingers?
Palmar interossei muscles
Dorsal interossei - abducts
PAD-DAB
433
Thenar muscles
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor
Opponens
(Median nerve)
434
Hypothenar muscles
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor
Opponens
(Ulnar nerve)
435
What supplies rhomboids and levator scapular muscles?
Dorsal scapular nerve
Saan may door? Sa elevator at room!
436
Nerve that supplies distal portion of upper extremity
Ulnar nerve
437
Distal muscle supplied by axillary nerve
Deltoid
438
What condition results from excessive displacement of head to opposite side?
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
C5-C6 lesion
other cause: difficult labor
439
Waiter's tip deformity
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
440
C8-T1 affectation, pancoast tumor, results to clawing of all muscles of hand
Klumpke palsy
441
What nerve is entrapped in Cubital tunnel syndrome
Ulnar nerve
2nd most common entrapment
442
Axillary crutches what nerve?
Radial nerve
443
Handcuff palsy
Superficial radial nerve
444
Median nerve affectation conditions
Pronator teres syndrome
CTS
Supracondylar fracture
Ulnate dislocation
Thenar muscle atrophy
445
What muscle is used as landmark for axillary artery
Pectoralis minor
446
What part of axillary artery is subscapular artery?
3rd part
Some Times Life Seems A Pain:
Superior thoracic artery
--
Thoraco-acromial
Lateral thoracic
--
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior c h
447
What is the main arterial supply to the arm
Brachial
448
Brachial artery becomes radial at what level of bone
Neck of radius in cubital fossa
449
Longest and strongest bone
Femur
450
Adduction of femur limited, congenital dislocation
Coxa Valga
451
Abduction limited, femoral neck fractures
Coxa Vara
452
Acquired type of hip dislocation, leg is flexed, adducted, and medially rotated
Posterior hip dislocation (FADIR)
453
Anterior hip dislocation
Extension
Abduction
Lateral rotation
ExAbLa!
454
Flexor muscle of thigh
Ilipsoas
455
Origin of anterior superior iliac spine
Sartorius muscle
456
Y ligament of Bigelow, limits extension and external rotation of hip
Iliofemoral ligament
457
Ligament that limits adduction of hip
Ligamentum teres/head of femur
458
Main blood supply to hip joint
Medial circumflex femoral artery
459
eyyy ayaw na maluman, iperfect score na
oh diba
460
pupillary muscle is derived from what germinal layer
ectoderm
461
Arteries that supply femoral head
Mostly medial circumflex femoral arteries
462
Chronic steroid use can lead to necrosis of..
Avascular necrosis of femoral head
463
Nerve that Supplies medial compartment of thigh
Mostly obturator nerve
464
Nerve that supplies the posterior compartment of thigh
Tibial portion of sciatic nerve
465
major blood supply of prostate
inferior vesical artery (ligated in prostatectomy)
466
Largest sesamoid bone
Patella
467
Tibial collateral ligament aka
MCL
468
Medial collateral ligament has strong attachment to
Medial meniscus (if damage ang isa, damay ang isa)
469
Landing with knee flexed tears what structure
PCL
470
Meniscus very susceptible to injury
Medial meniscus
471
Excessive friction on knee results in
Infrapatellar bursitis (clergyman knee)
472
Housemaid knee
Prepatellar bursitis
473
Swelling behind knee
Popliteal cyst
474
Medial bone of leg
Tibia
475
Main dorsiflexor of foot at ankle joint
Tibialis anterior
476
Common nerve supply to anterior compartment of leg
Common peroneal nerve duh
477
What nerve flexes plantar
Superficial peroneal nerve
478
Tibial nerve innervates what compartment of leg
Posterior
479
Largest and strongest bone of foot
Calcaneus
480
Only bone in the body with no muscle attachment
Talus bone
481
Most common injured ligament in ankle joint
Anterior talofibular
talo si ankle ligament
482
Nerve supplier of lower anterior abdominal wall
Iliohypogastric nerve
483
Skin of thigh supplied by what nerve
Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
484
Largest branch of lumbar plexus
Femoral nerve
485
Not part in lumbar plexus
Lumbosacral trunk
486
Largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
487
This nerve divides to tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve
Sciatic nerve
488
Nerve supply of gluteus maximus
INFERIOR gluteal nerve
SUPERIOR gluteal nerve supplies the glut medius and minimus
489
Nerve that leaves pelvis thru greater sciatic foramen and enters perineum through lesser sciatic foramen
Pudendal nerve
490
Supplies all leg and foot muscles (nerve)
Sciatic nerve
491
Pressure from cast in the leg can compress what
Common peroneal nerve
492
Provides sensation to lower posterolateral leg
Sural nerve (tibial)
493
Nerve supply to big and second toe adjacent sides
Deep peroneal nerve
494
Only nerve that passess thru piriformis
Superior gluteal nerve
495
Fat wallet syndrome
Piriformis syndrome injuring sciatic nerve
496
What nerve is compressed by inguinal ligament?
Femoral nerve
497
Ski boot syndrome
Deep peroneal nerve
498
Tight boots
Sural nerve
499
Between tendons of EHL laterally and EDL medially
Dorsalis pedis
500
Transverse Incision made anterior and superior to medial malleolus
Great saphenous vein cutdown
