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CNS > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

aggregation of cell bodies in the CNS and pns is reffered to as:

A

Nnucleus and Ganglia

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2
Q

bundles of axons in the CNS and PNS are named :

A

Tracts and Nerves

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3
Q

Perikaryon is …….
dendritic precesses are special for having ……….

A

nucleus cell bodies
dendritic spines

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4
Q

seperates neurons from each other
And making sure that no cytoplasm is in between

A

neurolemma

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5
Q

unmylinated extentions of axons are:

A

telodendria and they have terminal boutons

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6
Q

chemical synapses are charictarized by :
electrical synapsis are charictarized by :

A

neurotransmitter
gap junctions

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7
Q

unipolar neurons, how many neurites does it have, where is it found

A

one neurite and found in dorsal root ganglion

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8
Q

bipolar neurons have…… of neurites and where is it found

A

2 neurites and is found in:
1.the retinal bipolar cells
2. sensory and vestibular ganglias

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9
Q

multipolar cells have …… of neurites and are found in?

A

multiple
CNS

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10
Q

golgi type 1
golgi type 2
(type of neurons and are found in :

A

long (projector neurons ) and found in brain
small (local circuit connections - interneurons )

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11
Q

cells found in the PNS

A

shawan cells and capsular cells

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12
Q

tanycytes are found in
epindymocytes and choroidal epithelial cells characteristics

A

3rd ventricle for hypothalamus connection and known for long projections
both are ciliated but CEC do have tight junctions

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13
Q

astrocytes that are found in the grey matter and white matter

what are their function

A

protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes

ionic balance and recycle of neurotransmitters

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14
Q

What is the membrane that lies directly below the pia mater and surrounds both the spinal cord and the brain?

A

The external limiting membrane, also known as the pial glial membrane, serves as a protective layer that envelops the brain and spinal cord. It is composed primarily of astrocytes.

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15
Q

The astrocytic membrane that lines the ventricles is known as the?

A

internal limiting membrane

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16
Q

BBB consists of :

A
  1. endothelium (fenestrated with tight junctions)
  2. basement membrane
  3. astrocytes (external limiting membrane)
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17
Q

What is the primary factor that forms the BBB?

A

Tight junctions

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18
Q

thalamus function:

A

relay station for major sensory systems except fot smell (goes directly to the olfactroy)

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19
Q

subthalamus function:

A

muscle activity

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20
Q

epithalamus is devided into ———- and———- , what are their functions?

A

penial gland: endocrine function and putuitary
habenula : processing olfactory, visceral and somatic sensory pathways

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21
Q

hypothalamus function:

A

autonomic nervous system and ensocrine

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22
Q

corpus callosum is

A

white matter connecting both hemispheres of cerebrum

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23
Q

the two imaginary lines of cerebrum

A
  1. from occipital notch to the upper border of cerebrum
  2. from the post. ramus of parietal fissure to the first imaginary lines
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24
Q

name and location of the fifth cerebral lobe

A

insular lobe that lie deep within the lateral sulcus

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25
Q

the conus medullaris is at the level of ——- in adults and ——— in children

A

L2
L3

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26
Q

the two enlargements of spinal cord :

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements and they are where grey matter will be at its thickest

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27
Q

Is an extention of the pia mater that reaches the coccyx:

A

filum terminale

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28
Q

the continuation of spinal cord after L2:

A

Cauda equina

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29
Q

The anterior horn of the gray matter contains the——, the lateral horn contains—— and posterior horn contains the——-.

A

motor somatic neurons.
motor visceral neurons
sensory neurons

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30
Q

the lateral grey horns or columns are devided into: and at what levels
and its seen in what levels

A

from T1 to L2 is the sympathetic fibers
from S2 to 4 IS the parasympathetic fibers

thoracic and lumbar

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31
Q

dura mater

A

An avascular layer.
composed of endosteal and menengial layers, contains venous sinuses between them.
This layer also has an epidural potential space.
and the menengial layers extend to the spinal cord.

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32
Q

arachnoid mater

A

avascular but has CSF in its subarachnoid space
has a. arachnoid trabeculae (connect to pia mater)
b. arachnoid vili ( granulations into the sinuses)

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33
Q

pia mater

A

vascular membrane that continues as filum terminale

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34
Q

the meninges fuse with the outer membrane of cranial nerves to form ———-, except for the ———-

A

epineurium
epineurium of the optic nerve

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35
Q

extentions of the dura mater

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebilli
tentorium cerebelli
diaphragma sellae ( has a samll opening for the pituitary)

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36
Q

What are the innervations of the dura mater in both the superior and inferior to the tentorium cerebelli?

A

suerior: trigeminal nerve
inferior: upper cervical spinal nerve

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37
Q

the foramens of the ventricular system

A

interventricular foramen (foramen of monro) between laterals and 3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct (sylvius)

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38
Q

where the body, posterior and anterior horns of the lateral ventricles meet each other:

A

atrium

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39
Q

4th ventricle continues with the subarachnoid space by:

A
  1. 2 lateral foramens of luschka
  2. medial foramen off magendie
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40
Q

choroid plexus are found in

A

inferior horn of lat. ventricles
roof of third ventricle
roof of fourth ventricle

not seen in frontal and occipital
monro

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41
Q

Ventrcular folds consist from:

A

endothelial layer
pial membrane
choroidal ependymal cells

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42
Q

cerebrocpinal producton rate

A

500ml\day

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43
Q

blood-CSF barrier include:

A

endothelial cells
basement membrane surrounding the capillary
basement membrane supporting epithelial cells
choroidal cells

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44
Q

lumbar cisterna is at what level

A

L4 and is used for lumbur puncture and CSF sample

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45
Q

basal gangli (nuclei) contains:

A

The corpus striatum comprises the following structures:

  • Caudate nucleus, divided into three parts: head, body, and tail.
  • Lentiform nucleus, which includes the putamen and globus pallidus.
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46
Q

lateral to corpus striatum is:

A

external capsule > calostrum > extreme capsule

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47
Q

numbers of layers in the cortex
and their names:

A

6 layers
Molecular (plexiform) layer > external granular> external pyramidal > internal granular > internal pyramidal (ganglionic) > multiform (polymorphic )

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48
Q

molecular (plexiform) cortex layer contain:

A

horizental Cajal cells and nerve fibers

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49
Q

external granular layer of cortex contains :

A

pyramidal cells and stellate cells

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50
Q

external pyramidal layer of cortex contains ;

A

pyramidal cells that increase in size the deeper it gets

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51
Q

onternal granular layer of cortex contains:

A

stellate cells + external baillarger band + line of genneri

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52
Q

internal pyramidal layer of cortex (ganglionic)

A

pyramidal cells (called betz cells in the primary motor cells) + stellate cells + martinotti cells + internal baillarger band

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53
Q

multiform ( polymorphic) layer of cortex contains:

A

fusiform cells (majority)
modified pyramidal cells
martinotti

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54
Q

frontal lobe is devided into:

A
  • The precentral gyrus lies between the precentral sulcus and the central sulcus.
  • The superior frontal gyrus lies superior to the superior frontal sulcus.
  • The middle frontal gyrus lies between the superior and inferior frontal sulci.
  • The inferior frontal gyrus lies inferior to the inferior frontal sulcus.
55
Q

What is the name of the Brodmann area 4? What is its function (lesion) ? and occupies the?

A

primary motor area
paralysis of the contralateral side of the body
anterior to central sulcus

56
Q

What is the name of the Brodmann area 6? and occupies?

A

a. premotor area b. supplementary motor area
the anterior part of the precentral gyrus + the post. part of superior frontal gyrus + middle part of superior frontal gyrus

57
Q

What is the name of the Brodmann area8 ? What is its function (lesion) ? and occupies?

A

frontal eyefeild
temporary paralysis of the contralateral eye
superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus

58
Q

What is the name of the Brodmann area.44 and 45? What is its function (lesion) ? and occupies the?

A

motor speech (brocs) area
Dominant for language (formation of words)
inferior frontal gyrus

59
Q

the prefrontal cortex devisions ? What is its function (lesion) ?

A

orbital reigon : social behavior
lateral reigon: intellectual abilities

60
Q

parietal lobule devisions:

A
  • Postcentral gyrus: lies between the central sulcus & postcentral sulcus.
  • Superior parietal gyrus (lobule): superior to the intraparietal sulcus → runs posteriorly from the
    middle of the postcentral sulcus.
  • Inferior parietal gyrus (lobule): inferior to the intraparietal sulcus.
61
Q

whats the name of brodmanns areas 1 2 3? whats the function (lesion) and occupies what reigons?

A

primary somatosensory area
loss of tactile and proprioception function of the contral lateral side
the postcentral gyrus

62
Q

the secondary somatosensory lesion occupies what reigons?

A

parietal operculum and insula

63
Q

whats the name of brodmanns areas 43? whats the function (lesion) and occupies what reigons?

A

primary gustatory region
ageusia (loss of taste)
parietal operculum and insula

64
Q

whats the name of brodmanns areas 5 7 ? whats the function (lesion) ?

A

superior parietal lobule
astereognosis

65
Q

whats the name of brodmanns areas 40 39? whats the function (lesion) ?

A

supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
contralateral neglect syndrome

66
Q

temporal lobe devisons

A
  • Superior temporal gyrus: superior to the superior temporal sulcus.
  • Middle temporal gyrus: between superior and middle temporal sulci.
  • Inferior temporal gyrus
67
Q

whats the name of brodmanns areas 41? where it occupies?

A

primary auditoy cortex
transverse temporal gyri (hsechl

68
Q

whats the name of brodmanns areas 42?

A

secoundary auditory cortx

69
Q

whats the name of brodmanns areas 22 24?

A

auditort association area

70
Q

sensory speech (wernicke) area location, function and connects to what?

A

superior temporal gyrus
language comprehension , recevies fobers from cortex and auditory
connected to brocas area by arcuate fasiculus

71
Q

temporal association cortex location and function

A

middle and inferior temporal gyri
stores auditory and visual info

72
Q

occipital lobe is devided into:

A

devided by the calcarine sulcus into inguinal gyrus and cuneus

73
Q

whats brodmanns area 17 name,location, and function (lesion)

A

primar visual area
cuneus and lingual gyri
responsible for vision and a lesion results in homonymous hemianopsia

74
Q

brodmann area 18 19 location and function

A

project visual info to temporal and parietal
interpret input from primary visual cortex

75
Q

median surface gyris are:

A

linguinal gyrus
parahippocampus gyri ( ant to inguinal and ends in uncus)
cingulate gyri (callosal and cingulate sulcus )
paracentral lobule

76
Q

limbic system contains:

A

septal area and parahippocampus and cingulate gyrus

77
Q

gyrus on inferior sulcus

A

orbital gyrus is lateral to olfactory slucus
rectal gyrus medial to olfactory sulcus

78
Q

fibers in the white matters divisons

A

association fibers (within same hemisphere)
commisural fibers (two hemisphere)
projection fibers ( sub cortical centers)

79
Q

cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, & inferior longitudinal fasciculus are what type of fibers

A

association fibers

80
Q

corpus callosum, ant. commissure, post. commissure, fornix, & habenular commissure belong to what type of fibers

has afferent and efferent fibers collecting to form internal capsule and devided into corticofugal downward and corticopetal toward the cortex is the:

A

commisural fibers

projection fibers

81
Q

anterior end of the thalamus forms the posterior boundary:

A

interventricular formen

82
Q

the posterior end of the thalamus is named after——- , two swellings on the surface of it which are:
what are their function

A

pulvinar
medial ageniculate body for audiatory
lateral geniculate body for visual pathway

83
Q

internal coverings of the thalamus:

A

internal medullary capusle, seperating the thalami
external medullary thalamus, on the laterals
stratum zonale (white matter) on the superior surface

84
Q

the subdivision of lateral part of thalami:

A

dorsal tier: lateral dorsal and lateral posterior
ventral tier: anterior , medial and posterior (lat and medial.) ventrals

85
Q

secoundary nucleis of the thalamus:

A

interlaminar: in the internal medullary lamina
midline neuclei: 3rd vventricle and interthalami
reticular neuclei: between external and posterior part of the inernal medullary lamina

86
Q

dorsomedial neuclei of thalamus function?

A

links the prefrontal cortex to the limbic system
and has the thalamohypothalamic neuclei

87
Q

anterior neuclei of the thalamus function is?

A

receives from mammilliary gland and projects into cingulate gyrus (limbic system )

88
Q

intralaminar neuclei of the talamus function is:

A

recives input from the reticular neuclei and influences conscientiousness and wakefulness

89
Q

pulvinar of the thalami function is? and a lesion causes

A

sensory pathways of audiatory and visual
sensory dysphasia

90
Q

ventral anterior neuclei of the thalami function? lateral ventral neuclei?

A

recives from substania nigra and corpus striatum for
premotor cortex

output is in the primary motor area

91
Q

ventral posteriolateral and posteriomedial functions?

A

recives sensory pathways of the body in the contralateral side and sends them into the primary somatosensory
recives from the face and sends into the primary somatosensory too

92
Q

hypothalamus porojects from —— to the ——- and has the preoptic area that extends from ——- to ——- and ——-

A

optic chiasim \ mamillary body \ optic chiasim \ lamina terminalis \ ant. commisure

93
Q

medial zone nuclei of the hypothalamus contains:

A

preoptic \ anterior \ posterior \ suprachiasim \ ventromedial \ dorsomedial \ paraventricular \ arcuate

94
Q

lateral zone neuclei of hypothalamus consists of:

A

preoptic \ suprachiasim \ supraoptic \ lateral \ lateral tuberal \ tubomammilary

95
Q

afferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus are

A

spine ( somatic and visceral) \ tegumental \ hippocampohypothalamic \ corticohypothalamic \ thalamohypothalamic \ olfactory

96
Q

effernet nervous connections to hypothalamus

A

spine (reticular formation in ANS \ oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus in parasympathetic )
mamilliothalamic tract
mamillotrgmental
limbic system

97
Q

oxcytocin and vasopressin (ADH) are produced by?

A

paraventricular and supraoptic

98
Q

parasympathatic and sympathatic responses are stimulated by:

A

medial nuclei \ anterior nuclei
lateral nuclei \ posterior nuclei

99
Q

distruction of it causes anorexia
destruction of it causes weight gain

A

laternal N.
medial N.

100
Q

the hypothalamic nucei that controls the carcadian rythim (sleep wake cycle)

A

suprachiasim

101
Q

stimulation of this area would cause heat loss, sweating
stimulation of this area would cause vasoconstriction and inhibition of sweating

A

anterior N.
posterior N.

102
Q

a nuclei that when stimulated causes rage
stimulation of this nuclei causes passiveness

A

lateral N.
ventromediala N.

103
Q

carotid artery general path

A

carotid canal > cavernous sinus > anterior clinoid process > subarachnoid space

104
Q

portions of the carotid artery?

A

cervical portion
petrous (temporal) : upward > forward > medially
cavernous: forward > upward > medially (siphone)
crebral : medial to anterior clinoid and enters subarachnoid space

105
Q

branches of the internal carotid artery

A

choroidal (anterior) A. \ opthalamic \ anterior cerebral A. \ middle cerebral A,
posterior communicating A

106
Q

choroidal (anterior) artery enters ________ , it gives rise to arteries surrounding structures like _____

A

inferior horn of the lateral ventricle in the plexus
internal capusle \ crus cerebri \ lateral geniculate body \ optic tract

107
Q

posterior communicating A. and anterior cerebral artery are positioned to be above ____

A

optic nerve

108
Q

branches of the anterior cerebral A. and supplying

A

cortical : the entire medial surface of the the brain except for whats behind the parieto-occipital suclus
it supplies the leg area of the precentral gyrus
central :anterior perforated substance, internal capsule lentiform and caudate neuclei

109
Q

middle cerebral A. branches:

A

cortical: lateral surface of the brain except for the occipital and inferiolateral surface (supplies al moto but legs)
central : lentiform, caudate nuclei, internal capsule, ant, perforated substance

110
Q

branches of the vertibral artery

A

meningial, medullary, posterior spinal A, anterior spinal A, PICA

111
Q

PICA supplies:

A

vermis of the cerebullum \ central nuclei of cerebullum \ medulla oblingata \undersurface of the cerebellar hemisphere \ choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

112
Q

basilar artery branches

A

pontine \ labyrinthine ( facial and vestibulocochlear nerves into acousic) \ AICA \ superior cerebrallar a.\ posterior cerebral A.

113
Q

central posterior cerebral artery branches

A

thalamus \ lentiform \ midbrain \ penial galnds \ medial geniculate body

114
Q

componemts of circle of willis

A

anterior and posterior communicatin arteries \ anterior and psterior cerebral arteries \ basilar A
internal carotid artery

115
Q

posterior spinal artery arise from _____ or ___ in the cervical lvl and is most susceptible to ischemia in ____

A

vertebral A. or PICA
upper thoracic region

116
Q

anterior spinal artery is smaller in what area

A

upper and lower thoracic segments = ischemia in
T1 and L4

117
Q

dural venous sinuses include:

A

superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
transverse sinus and straight sinus
occipital sinus
sigmoidal sinus
cavernous sinus \ superior and inferior petrous sinus

118
Q

external cerebral veins include:
their emptyings

A

superior cerebral vein
superficial ( empty to cavernous ) and deep ( empties into the straight sinus and drains the insula) cerebral vein
deep middle cerebral combine with anterior cerebral and striate vein to make basal vein which then connect to great cerebral vein

119
Q

pain signals are sent through what type of fibers (slow and fas) and temperature?

A

C \ delta a \ both of them

120
Q

the pain and temperature ascend in the spine via :
meanwhile light touch and pressure via:

A

lateral spinothalamic nuclei
anterior spinothalamic nuclei

121
Q

1st. order of temp and pain is located in ——— and has two types of processes in its unipolar neurons

A

peripheral: nociceptor \ thermoceptor
central: delta A and C

122
Q

After the central processes of the sensory neurons (for pain and temperature) move a number of segments they form _______ and then they exit it to synapse with the 2nd order neuros in the _____ including cells named _______.
axons of these cell cross the opposite side in spinal cord ten ascend in the contralateral white column as the __________

A

posteriolateral tract of lissaure
dorsal grey horn
substantia gelatinousa
lateral spinothalamic tract

123
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract ascends, new cells are added to it when it reaches the cervical segments and they are added in the _______ side of the tract

A

anteriomedial aspect of the tract

124
Q

fibers for sensory of pain are situated _______ to the fibers of temperature

A

anterior

125
Q

Spinotectum tract + lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts collectively form

A

spinal leminscus

126
Q

important gyri in pain perception

A

postcentral gyri
cingulate gyrus (limbic system)
insular gyrus

127
Q

Stimulation of certain areas of the brain and the brainstem can reduce or block sensations of
pain. These areas include:

A

periventriculaer nuclei of diencephalon
periaqueductal nuclei of midbrain (PAG)
midline nuclei of brainstem (Raphae nuclei)

128
Q

2nd order of touch and pressure is:

A

substantia gleatinousa and anterior spinothalamic tract

129
Q

3rd order neurons for both pain and touch

A

ventral posteriolateral to postcentral gyrus via the posterior limb of internal capusle and corona radiata

130
Q

discriminative touch, vibration and muscle joint sense are all transmitted through in the spine:

A

posterior whit column (fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus ) and they move directly no the same side

131
Q

Fasciculus Gracilis: present throughout ________, containing long ascending fibers from______.

A

all of spinal cord
below the mid thoracic plane

132
Q

Fasciculus Cuneatus: located in the________, containing long ascending fibers from__________.

A

upper thoracic and cervical segments

above the mid-thoracic plane

133
Q

2nd order of Discriminative Touch, Vibration, and
Conscious Muscle-Joint Sense

A

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus in medulla oblingata (they cross the mdline via internal arcuate fibers to form medial leminscus )

CNS (6 decks)

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