Anatomy

Question 1

3 main important shunts in foetal circulation

Answer 1

ductus venosus (shunts oxygenated blood from umbillical vein to IVC to bypass liver)

foramen ovale (shunt oxygenated blood from right to left atrium)

ductus arteriosius (shunts deoxygenated blood from pulmonary artery to inferior aorta)

Question 2

how do the shunts in the foetal circulation change on birth

Answer 2

when they take their first breath, this decreases pulmonary resistance – increases left atrial pressure = closure of foramen ovale
increase in 02 from respiration + reduced prostalandins from placental separation = closes ductus arteriosus

Question 3

post natal derivative of umbillical vein

Answer 3

round ligament (ligamentum teres hepatis)

Question 4

post natal derivative of umbilical arteries

Answer 4

medial umbilical ligament

Question 5

what layers does the pericardial space lie

Answer 5

between the parietal pericardium and epicardium

Question 6

what neve supplies the pericardium

Answer 6

phrenic nerve

Question 7

why does pericarditis cause referred pain to the shoulders

Answer 7

its supplied by the phrenic nerve

Question 8

damage to what artery causes heart block or arrythmias and why

Answer 8

right coronary artery as it supplies the SA and AV node

Question 9

anatomy of the carotid sheath

Answer 9

internal jugular vein lateral to the common carotid
posteriorly lies the vagus nerve

Question 10

anatomy of the femoral triangle

Answer 10

nerve –> artery –> vein
(lateral to medial)
femoral nerve, artery and vein

Question 11

what nerves pass through cavernous sinus

Answer 11

CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI

Question 12

cavernous sinus syndrome presentation

Answer 12

variable opthalmoplegia, horners syndrome, decreased corneal sensaion and sometimes decreased maxillary sensation

Question 13

main arteries which branch off the aortic arch

Answer 13

(medial to lateral)
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

Question 14

pharyngeal arches

Answer 14

children at the resturant of golden ARCHES tend to chew first, then smile, then swallow stylishly, then simply swallow then speak

1st - V3 (massater, medial pterygoid, temporalis)
2nd - VII (muscles which cause smiling)
3rd - IX stylopharyngeous
4th - X (cricothyroid - superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve)
6th - X (all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid) - recurrent/inferior branch of vagus)

Question 15

what aortic arch gives rise to the ductus arteriosus

Answer 15

6th aortic arch

Question 16

what aortic arch gives rise to the maxilary artery

Answer 16

1st aortic arch

Question 17

what aortic arch gives rise to stapedial and hyoid arteries

Answer 17

2nd aortc arch

Question 18

what aortic arch gives rise to the common carotid artery

Answer 18

3rd aortic arch

Question 19

what aortic arch gives rise to the left subclavian artery

Answer 19

4th aortic arch

Question 20

what does the 4th aortic arch give rise to

Answer 20

aortic arch on the left and proximal subclavian artery on the right