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NMSK-B I > Anatomy 1.7 > Flashcards

Anatomy 1.7 Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones make up the neurocranium?

A

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) temporal
4) occipital
5) ethymoid
6) sphenoid

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2
Q

What is the weakest part of the skull?

A

pterion (intersection of frontal, sphenoid, temporal, parietal); middle meningeal artery runs deep

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3
Q

Which part of the brain is the telecephalon made from and what does it comprise?

A

forebrain

cerebral cortex
basal canglia
hippocampus
amygdala

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4
Q

Which part of the brain is the diencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

A

forebrain

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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5
Q

Which part of the brain is the mesencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

A

forebrain

tectum
tegumentum

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6
Q

Which part of the brain is the metencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

A

midbrain

pons
cerebellum

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7
Q

Which part of the brain is the myelencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

A

hindbrain

medulla

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8
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

group of nucluei in cerebral part of brain surrounding thalamus

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9
Q

What are the general cerebral functions?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • associate/connective (relate sensory input and resulting action)
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10
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • higher level reasoning & cognitive functions
  • emotional control
  • motor skills
  • language functions & interpretation
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11
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • interpretation & processing of sensory stimuli

- movement & orientation

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12
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • *primary auditory cortex
  • smell
  • speech
  • memory formation
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13
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex

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14
Q

What are the functions of the insular lobe?

A
  • integration pain & temperature sensation

- language function

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15
Q

What are the functions of the limbic lobe?

A
  • emotions

- memory

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16
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Intimate connections with cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, brainstem and other areas
  • Involved with voluntary body movement, eye movements, learning, repeated behavior or habits, cognition, emotion
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17
Q

What is white matter comprised of?

A

axons

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18
Q

What is gray matter comprised of?

A

neuron cell bodies

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19
Q

What does the central sulcus divide?

A

frontal and parietal lobes

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20
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

motor

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21
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

sensory

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22
Q

What are the layers of the brain from superficial to deep?

A

skull

1) dura mater
- periosteal and meningeal layers
2) arachnoid mater
3) pia mater

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23
Q

What runs in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF and vasculature

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24
Q

Which space is made between the fusion of the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?

A

falx; dural sinus (EX: superior sagittal sinus)

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25
Q

What is the epithalamus?

A

contains pineal gland, habenular nuclei, commissure

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26
Q

What connects the right and left thalamus?

A

interthalamic adhesion; mechanism by which right and left thalamus communicate

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27
Q

What is an important gland of the hypothalamus?

A

pituitary gland

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28
Q

What is an important gland of the epithalamus?

A

pineal gland (secretes melatonin)

29
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon region of the brain?

A

Thalamus:

  • sensory relay station of the brain
  • motor information to and from cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus:

  • appetite, thirst
  • emotions
  • body temp
  • circadian rhythms

Epithalamus:

  • connects limbic system to motor pathways
  • emotions
  • circadian rhythms and sleep
30
Q

What is the pituitary gland, structurally?

A
  • pea-sized gland in bony sella turcica
  • large ant. and small post. lobes
  • connected to hypothalamus
31
Q

What are the functions of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe hormones:

1) growth hormone
2) thyroid stimulating hormone
3) adrenocorticotrophic hormone
4) follicular stimulating hormones
5) luteinzing hormone
6) prolactin

Posterior lobe hormones;

1) vasopressin
2) oxytocin

32
Q

How does the anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe connect to the hypothalamus?

A

portal system of connecting blood vessels

33
Q

How does the posterior lobe of the pituitary lobe connect to the hypothalamus?

A

direct neuronal transmission

34
Q

What is the order of the brainstem structures from superior to inferior?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
35
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain:

  • body and eye movement
  • vision and hearing

Pons:

  • motor control
  • sensory interpretation (sleep and onsciousness)

Medulla:
-autonomic body functions (breathing, heart rate)

36
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • flocculonodular
37
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • coordination of movement
  • posture
  • balance
38
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L2; cauda equina extends inferiorly

39
Q

What structure prevents L-R movement of the spinal cord?

A

denticular ligaments

40
Q

What structure prevents the superior-inferior movement of the spinal cord?

A

filum terminale

41
Q

What is the blood supply of the brain?

A
  • major vessels
    (post: vertebral a.)
    (ant: internal coratid a.)
  • circle of willis
  • venous sinuses to the internal jugular vein
42
Q

How many branches does the internal coratid artery have?

A

zero

43
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery branch from?

A

external coratid artery

44
Q

What is the function of the circle of willis?

A

connects the anterior and posterior blood supply of the brain

45
Q

What is the blood supply to the spinal cord?

A

anterior spinal a. (ventral)

2 posterior spinal aa. (dorsal)

segmental radicular and medullary aa. (horizontally)

46
Q

From where do the anterior and posterior spinal arteries branch?

A

vertebral artery

47
Q

From where do the anterior and posterior radicular arteries branch?

A

posterior intercostal arteries; run to posterior and anterior roots of all spinal arteries

48
Q

What is the great artery of Adamkiewicz?

A
  • largest anterior medullary artery
  • provides major blood supply to lumbar and sacral cord
  • T8-L1
49
Q

Where do medullary arteries branch into?

A

directly to anterior and posterior spinal arteries

50
Q

Where does the CSF exist?

A

subarachnoid space

51
Q

Where is CSF secreted?

A

cori plexus of ventricles

52
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

lateral ventricle (2)
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

53
Q

How does the CSF exit the ventricles?

A
  • 2 openings of luschka (lateral)
  • 1 opening (medial)
  • 4th opening doe NOT go to SAS
  • empty into subarachnoid space
54
Q

What is the function of the arachnoid vili?

A

maintain fluid balance of CSF in subarachnoid space

55
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain

56
Q

What are the causes of hydrocephalus?

A
  • hyperproduction
  • hypoexcretion (via vili dysfunction)
  • obstruction (cerebral aqueduct most common)
57
Q

What is the enteric system?

A
  • part of Autonomic Nervous System
  • controls GI motility and secretions
  • Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric)
  • Meissner’s plexus (submucosal)
58
Q

Which nerves make up the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

S2-4

59
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the chest and abdominal cavity?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

60
Q

Which nerves make up the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1-L2

61
Q

What are the neuron lengths for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

SNS:
short preganglionic neuron
long postganglionic neuron

PNS:
long preganglionic neuron
short postganglionic neuron

62
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic synapse?

A

paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic chain (chain gang)

major abdominal ganglia (through sympathetic chain)

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (direct synapse on cell bodies)

63
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A
  • Paired nerves that innervate the viscera (efferent & afferent visceral fibers)
  • mostly sympathetic
  • exception: pelvic splanchnics are parasympathetic
64
Q

What is unique about the synapsing of splanchnic nerves?

A

Leave the spinal cord passing through the sympathetic chain without synapsing to enter the major abdominal ganglia

65
Q

What are the major sensory pathways?

A
  • spinothalamic
  • dorsal column
  • spinocerebellar
66
Q

What are the major motor pathways?

A
  • pyramidal

- extra-pyramidal

67
Q

What is the two neuron system?

A

motor pathways;
upper motor neuron: cell bodies in cerebral cortex of frontal lobe
lower motor neuron: cell bodies in CNS

68
Q

What is the three neuron system?

A

sensory pathways;
first order neuron
second order neuron
third order neuron

NMSK-B I (12 decks)

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