Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
pyrexia
A
fever
2
Q
thrombophlebitis
A
clot formation in the vein
3
Q
cytoskeleton
A
provides shape and support to cells
4
Q
cilia
A
hair-like structure found on the surface of some cells (such as those in the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes), that beat rhythmically and create a wave-like motion to move substances along passageways in the body.
5
Q
villi
A
small finger-like projections (folds) found in the wall of the small intestine. These folds increase the surface area of the small intestine which makes it easier to absorb nutrients.
6
Q
flagella
A
whip-like tails found on certain cells that create a rotation motion to propel the cell forward. For example, some bacteria use flagella to propel themselves around.
7
Q
immunoglobulin
A
antibodies; essential for identifying and neutralizing pathogens
8
Q
cytokines
A
signaling molecules that facilitate communication between cells in the immune response
9
Q
antigens
A
molecules that trigger an immune response; they are what antibodies bind to.
10
Q
ligaments
A
connect bones to other bones; Ligaments connect like to like
11
Q
tendons
A
attach muscle to bone; tendons connect two types
12
Q
femur
A
longest bone in the body, found in the leg
13
Q
cirrhosis
A
chronic liver disorder (jaundice, abdominal pain, anemia, mental confusion) ; can be caused by hepatitis or long-term alcohol abuse
14
Q
diverticulitis
A
acute or chronic condition affecting the colon
15
Q
smoking is a major risk factor for:
A
atherosclerosis
16
Q
coronary
A
refers specifically to the arteries and veins that supply blood to the heart muscle itself
17
Q
circulatory
A
pertains to the entire cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, and the blood that circulates throughout the body.
18
Q
describe SA node
A
located in the wall of the right atrium, it initiates the electrical signal for the heartbeat and triggers the contraction of the atria.
19
Q
describe AV node (2nd)
A
located in the wall of the right atrium, it receives the electrical signal from the SA node and transmits it to the ventricles.
20
Q
bundle of His (3)
A
transmits the electrical signal from the AV node to the ventricles
21
Q
Purkinje fibers (4)
A
transmit the electrical signal throughout the ventricles and initiates ventricular contraction
22
Q
the contraction of the ventricles:
A
pumps blood out of the heart and into circulation
23
Q
left (to the body)
A
systemic circulation
24
Q
right side to the lungs
A
pulmonary circulation
25
CSF fluid is produced by:
the brain; its purpose is to provide cushion and support to the brain and spinal cord
26
hemoglobin A1C
measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months
27
normal hematocrit values:
men: 41-52%; women: 36-46%
28
CRP
protein that increases in response int inflammation
29
Presbyopia
Age-related condition; decreased ability to focus on close objects
30
hyperopia
farsightedness; presents earlier in life
31
astigmatism
curvature defect of the eye causing blurred or distorted vision at any distance
32
connective tissue
group of tissues in the human body that are characterized by their ability to support, connect, and separate other tissues
33
examples of connective tissue?
adipose tissue (fat); tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones, & blood (a liquid connective tissue)
34
Grave's disease
an autoimmune condition that overstimulates the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism. Sx include rapid heartbeat, weight loss, eye issues.
35
Addison's disease
an endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, mainly insufficient cortisol and aldosterone. This leads to symptoms like fatigue, low BP, hyperpigmentation
36
hemostasis
stop blood from flowing
37
describe vascular phase of hemostasis (1)
injury causes the blood vessel to constrict
38
describe platelet phase of hemostasis (2)
a temporary platelet plug is formed
39
describe coagulation phase of hemostasis (3)
a temporary platelet plug is converted to a stable fibrin clot via the coagulation cascade
40
describe the fibrin clot remodeling of hemostasis (4)
the fibrin clot is remodeled, eventually leading to the breakdown/removal of the clot (fibrinolysis)
41
pandemic
widespread outbreak of a disease that affects a large number of people over a large area, often across multiple countries or continents
42
endemic
constantly present within a particular population or geographic area
43
epidemic
outbreak of a disease that affects a larger number of people than is typical for that particular disease in a specific population or geographic area
44
lysosome
"cleaning crew" that contain digestive enzymes
45
mitochondria
"powerhouse" of the cell; responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration. The cell uses the ATP the mitochondria creates for energy.
46
ribosome
assembles proteins;
47
golgi apparatus
like a "post office" of the cell, modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for delivery to their correct destinations within the cell or outside of it.
48
vitiligo
loss of pigment of color in patches of skin
49
Blood pressure is the highest closest to the heart in the ___ and lowest furthest from the heart in the ___.
Arteries; veins
50
What is the order of the highest to lowest BP?
1. Heart; 2. Aorta (largest artery); 3. Arteries; 4. Arterioles; 5. Capillaries; 6. Venules; 7. Veins; 8. Superior and inferior vena cava (largest veins)
51
ventral
front
52
cephalic
towards the head
53
Sx of influenza:
fever, body aches, cough
54
psoriasis
chronic condition with red, scaly patches on the skin caused by an overactive immune response
55
The primary function of valves in veins is to:
prevent the backflow of blood
56
lymphatic system is responsible for:
maintaining fluid balance and immunity
57
Rinne's test evaluates:
hearing loss (air conduction/bone conduction)
58
A visual acuity test is used to measure:
hyperopia, via Snellen or Jaeger chart (which measures near vision)
59
Weber's test evaluates:
hearing loss (conductive or sensorineural)
60
Hormones are produced by the endocrine system and distributed throughout the the body through:
the circulatory system
61
transverse plane divides the body into:
superior and inferior portions
62
coronal plane divides the body into:
anterior and posterior
63
sagittal plane dives the body into:
left and right
64
median:
mid-sagittal plane
65
the majority of the DNA in a cell is located in:
the nucleus
66
Carotid artery disease significantly increases the risk of:
stroke and TIA
67
Hashimoto's thyroiditis:
an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to Hypothyroidism
68
Cushing's syndrome
characterized by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Sx include wt gain, especially in the abdomen and face, as well as easy bruising and muscle weakness
69
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland; can be associated with both hyper and hypothyroidism
70
In pts withOUT diabetes, normal fasting blood sugar levels are:
70 to 110 mg/DL
71
In pts WITH diabetes, normal fasting blood sugar levels are:
70 to 126 mg/DL
72
In a hypoglycemic state, what happens to the heart?
the body releases stress hormones like adrenaline to elevate blood glucose. Adrenaline stimulates the heart rate, which can result in palpitations or an increased, rapid pulse rate as the body tries to cope.
73
hypertension is a major risk factor for:
stroke
74
emphysema
chronic lung disease
75
The distribution of a drug is facilitated by:
the bloodstream
76
GTT
glucose tolerance test
77
BAC
blood alcohol content test
78
Depolarization represents:
contraction of cardiac cells
79
Repolarization represents:
relaxation of cardiac cells
80
the pancreas is both:
an endocrine and digestive gland
81
TSH is produced by:
anterior pituitary gland
82
hemochromatosis:
a genetic condition causing excessive iron buildup in the body, leading to potential organ damage (especially in the liver, heart, and pancreas).
83
Hirsutism:
excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair is typically minimal or absent. Associated with hormonal imbalances.
84
The T spot test is:
an immunological blood test used to diagnose TB, a bacterial infection affecting the lungs; it only requires a single visit.
85
Blood pressure is a measure of:
the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
86
Bleeding is not a sign of wound infection. It is a sign of:
hemorrhage (excessive or uncontrolled bleeding).
87
purulent
pus-filled
88
evisceration
protrusion of internal organs through a wound, especially after dehiscence
89
macule:
flat skin lesions that are usually hyperpigmented
90
micturition:
medical term for urination, which is the function of the bladder
91
Neutrophils:
the most common type of white blood cell in the human body and the body's FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE against bacterial infections. They are known to engulf and kill bacteria.
92
metastasis
Refers to the spread of cancer cells from the primary site of origin to another part of the body through the bloodstream of lymphatic system.
93
Anemia:
low level of red blood cells; sx include irregular heartbeat, fatigue, weakness, SOB, dizziness, palor (pale skin)
94
Hypovolemic shock
caused by a severe decrease in blood volume, often from significant blood loss or dehydration
95
Hypovolemic shock
caused by a severe decrease in blood volume, often from significant blood loss or dehydration
96
Cardiogenic shock
Results from the heart's inability to adequately pump blood, as in heart attack or heart failure
97
Neurogenic shock
A disruption of the autonomic pathways within the spinal cord
98
Septic shock
A severe infection leading to decreased blood flow to multiple organs
99
Toxic shock syndrome
A rare, life-threatening complication of toxin-producing bacterial infections
100
venous (deoxygenated) and arterial (oxygenated) blood can both be found in:
the capillaries
101
The __ and __ systems are key in maintaining homeostasis, with the __ system regulating essential bodily functions through hormones and the __ system providing quick responses to changes.
endocrine; nervous
102
aerophagia
swallowing air
103
A fecal occult blood test looks for:
erythrocytes - (red blood cells); this may indicate the presence of bleeding in the digestive tract.
104
Lou Gehrig's disease is also known as?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.
105
hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining:
hunger, thirst, body temp
106
heart failure:
when the heart pumps blood too weakly (CHF)
107
1 teaspoon =
5 ml
108
1 tablespoon =
15 ml
109
a UTI can cause urine to appear:
greenish-yellow due to the presence of bacteria and pus in the urinary system.
110
biliary obstruction
a blockage of the bile ducts (the tube from the liver to the small intestine); can cause urine to become a dark brownish hue from increased bilirubin levels.
111
the musculoskeletal system contains __, __, and __ tissues.
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
112
the small intestine is the site of absorption for:
oral medications
113
describe 24 hour urine collection:
used to test for substances that are sporadically excreted in the urine. It involves collecting urine over a 24-hr period, providing a comprehensive sample that captures fluctuations in excretion levels of various substances.
114
When calcium levels are low, PTH:
is released to increase the levels of calcium in the blood
115
Calcitonin (another endocrine hormone) __ calcium in the blood.
Lowers
116
Procedures used for assessing CAD:
Doppler US, CT, MRI
117
What are the three P's of diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger)
118
acetone breath is a condition in which the breath:
has a fruity or sweet smell due to the presence of acetone; often associated with diabetes, particularly uncontrolled diabetes.
119
The average adult has about how many liters of blood?
5-6
120
P wave:
atrial depolarization; the atria contract
121
QRS wave:
ventricular depolarization; ventricles contract
122
T wave:
ventricular repolarization; ventricles relax
123
U wave:
Often not seen on an EKG. Further repolarization of the ventricles.
124
PR interval:
represents the time it takes for the electrical impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles.
125
QRS complex:
ventricular depolarization, which is the electrical stimulus that causes the ventricles to contract and pump blood.
126
ST segment:
represents the period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization, when the ventricles are in the state of relaxation.
127
