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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

pyrexia

A

fever

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2
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

clot formation in the vein

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3
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides shape and support to cells

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4
Q

cilia

A

hair-like structure found on the surface of some cells (such as those in the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes), that beat rhythmically and create a wave-like motion to move substances along passageways in the body.

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5
Q

villi

A

small finger-like projections (folds) found in the wall of the small intestine. These folds increase the surface area of the small intestine which makes it easier to absorb nutrients.

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6
Q

flagella

A

whip-like tails found on certain cells that create a rotation motion to propel the cell forward. For example, some bacteria use flagella to propel themselves around.

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7
Q

immunoglobulin

A

antibodies; essential for identifying and neutralizing pathogens

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8
Q

cytokines

A

signaling molecules that facilitate communication between cells in the immune response

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9
Q

antigens

A

molecules that trigger an immune response; they are what antibodies bind to.

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10
Q

ligaments

A

connect bones to other bones; Ligaments connect like to like

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11
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone; tendons connect two types

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12
Q

femur

A

longest bone in the body, found in the leg

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13
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disorder (jaundice, abdominal pain, anemia, mental confusion) ; can be caused by hepatitis or long-term alcohol abuse

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14
Q

diverticulitis

A

acute or chronic condition affecting the colon

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15
Q

smoking is a major risk factor for:

A

atherosclerosis

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16
Q

coronary

A

refers specifically to the arteries and veins that supply blood to the heart muscle itself

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17
Q

circulatory

A

pertains to the entire cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, and the blood that circulates throughout the body.

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18
Q

describe SA node

A

located in the wall of the right atrium, it initiates the electrical signal for the heartbeat and triggers the contraction of the atria.

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19
Q

describe AV node (2nd)

A

located in the wall of the right atrium, it receives the electrical signal from the SA node and transmits it to the ventricles.

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20
Q

bundle of His (3)

A

transmits the electrical signal from the AV node to the ventricles

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21
Q

Purkinje fibers (4)

A

transmit the electrical signal throughout the ventricles and initiates ventricular contraction

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22
Q

the contraction of the ventricles:

A

pumps blood out of the heart and into circulation

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23
Q

left (to the body)

A

systemic circulation

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24
Q

right side to the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

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25
Q

CSF fluid is produced by:

A

the brain; its purpose is to provide cushion and support to the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

hemoglobin A1C

A

measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months

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27
Q

normal hematocrit values:

A

men: 41-52%; women: 36-46%

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28
Q

CRP

A

protein that increases in response int inflammation

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29
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age-related condition; decreased ability to focus on close objects

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30
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness; presents earlier in life

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31
Q

astigmatism

A

curvature defect of the eye causing blurred or distorted vision at any distance

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32
Q

connective tissue

A

group of tissues in the human body that are characterized by their ability to support, connect, and separate other tissues

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33
Q

examples of connective tissue?

A

adipose tissue (fat); tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones, & blood (a liquid connective tissue)

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34
Q

Grave’s disease

A

an autoimmune condition that overstimulates the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism. Sx include rapid heartbeat, weight loss, eye issues.

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35
Q

Addison’s disease

A

an endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, mainly insufficient cortisol and aldosterone. This leads to symptoms like fatigue, low BP, hyperpigmentation

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36
Q

hemostasis

A

stop blood from flowing

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37
Q

describe vascular phase of hemostasis (1)

A

injury causes the blood vessel to constrict

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38
Q

describe platelet phase of hemostasis (2)

A

a temporary platelet plug is formed

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39
Q

describe coagulation phase of hemostasis (3)

A

a temporary platelet plug is converted to a stable fibrin clot via the coagulation cascade

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40
Q

describe the fibrin clot remodeling of hemostasis (4)

A

the fibrin clot is remodeled, eventually leading to the breakdown/removal of the clot (fibrinolysis)

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41
Q

pandemic

A

widespread outbreak of a disease that affects a large number of people over a large area, often across multiple countries or continents

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42
Q

endemic

A

constantly present within a particular population or geographic area

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43
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak of a disease that affects a larger number of people than is typical for that particular disease in a specific population or geographic area

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44
Q

lysosome

A

“cleaning crew” that contain digestive enzymes

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45
Q

mitochondria

A

“powerhouse” of the cell; responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration. The cell uses the ATP the mitochondria creates for energy.

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46
Q

ribosome

A

assembles proteins;

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47
Q

golgi apparatus

A

like a “post office” of the cell, modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for delivery to their correct destinations within the cell or outside of it.

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48
Q

vitiligo

A

loss of pigment of color in patches of skin

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49
Q

Blood pressure is the highest closest to the heart in the ___ and lowest furthest from the heart in the ___.

A

Arteries; veins

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50
Q

What is the order of the highest to lowest BP?

A
  1. Heart; 2. Aorta (largest artery); 3. Arteries; 4. Arterioles; 5. Capillaries; 6. Venules; 7. Veins; 8. Superior and inferior vena cava (largest veins)
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51
Q

ventral

A

front

52
Q

cephalic

A

towards the head

53
Q

Sx of influenza:

A

fever, body aches, cough

54
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic condition with red, scaly patches on the skin caused by an overactive immune response

55
Q

The primary function of valves in veins is to:

A

prevent the backflow of blood

56
Q

lymphatic system is responsible for:

A

maintaining fluid balance and immunity

57
Q

Rinne’s test evaluates:

A

hearing loss (air conduction/bone conduction)

58
Q

A visual acuity test is used to measure:

A

hyperopia, via Snellen or Jaeger chart (which measures near vision)

59
Q

Weber’s test evaluates:

A

hearing loss (conductive or sensorineural)

60
Q

Hormones are produced by the endocrine system and distributed throughout the the body through:

A

the circulatory system

61
Q

transverse plane divides the body into:

A

superior and inferior portions

62
Q

coronal plane divides the body into:

A

anterior and posterior

63
Q

sagittal plane dives the body into:

A

left and right

64
Q

median:

A

mid-sagittal plane

65
Q

the majority of the DNA in a cell is located in:

A

the nucleus

66
Q

Carotid artery disease significantly increases the risk of:

A

stroke and TIA

67
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis:

A

an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to Hypothyroidism

68
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

characterized by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Sx include wt gain, especially in the abdomen and face, as well as easy bruising and muscle weakness

69
Q

Goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland; can be associated with both hyper and hypothyroidism

70
Q

In pts withOUT diabetes, normal fasting blood sugar levels are:

A

70 to 110 mg/DL

71
Q

In pts WITH diabetes, normal fasting blood sugar levels are:

A

70 to 126 mg/DL

72
Q

In a hypoglycemic state, what happens to the heart?

A

the body releases stress hormones like adrenaline to elevate blood glucose. Adrenaline stimulates the heart rate, which can result in palpitations or an increased, rapid pulse rate as the body tries to cope.

73
Q

hypertension is a major risk factor for:

A

stroke

74
Q

emphysema

A

chronic lung disease

75
Q

The distribution of a drug is facilitated by:

A

the bloodstream

76
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

77
Q

BAC

A

blood alcohol content test

78
Q

Depolarization represents:

A

contraction of cardiac cells

79
Q

Repolarization represents:

A

relaxation of cardiac cells

80
Q

the pancreas is both:

A

an endocrine and digestive gland

81
Q

TSH is produced by:

A

anterior pituitary gland

82
Q

hemochromatosis:

A

a genetic condition causing excessive iron buildup in the body, leading to potential organ damage (especially in the liver, heart, and pancreas).

83
Q

Hirsutism:

A

excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair is typically minimal or absent. Associated with hormonal imbalances.

84
Q

The T spot test is:

A

an immunological blood test used to diagnose TB, a bacterial infection affecting the lungs; it only requires a single visit.

85
Q

Blood pressure is a measure of:

A

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

86
Q

Bleeding is not a sign of wound infection. It is a sign of:

A

hemorrhage (excessive or uncontrolled bleeding).

87
Q

purulent

A

pus-filled

88
Q

evisceration

A

protrusion of internal organs through a wound, especially after dehiscence

89
Q

macule:

A

flat skin lesions that are usually hyperpigmented

90
Q

micturition:

A

medical term for urination, which is the function of the bladder

91
Q

Neutrophils:

A

the most common type of white blood cell in the human body and the body’s FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE against bacterial infections. They are known to engulf and kill bacteria.

92
Q

metastasis

A

Refers to the spread of cancer cells from the primary site of origin to another part of the body through the bloodstream of lymphatic system.

93
Q

Anemia:

A

low level of red blood cells; sx include irregular heartbeat, fatigue, weakness, SOB, dizziness, palor (pale skin)

94
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

caused by a severe decrease in blood volume, often from significant blood loss or dehydration

95
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

caused by a severe decrease in blood volume, often from significant blood loss or dehydration

96
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Results from the heart’s inability to adequately pump blood, as in heart attack or heart failure

97
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

A disruption of the autonomic pathways within the spinal cord

98
Q

Septic shock

A

A severe infection leading to decreased blood flow to multiple organs

99
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

A rare, life-threatening complication of toxin-producing bacterial infections

100
Q

venous (deoxygenated) and arterial (oxygenated) blood can both be found in:

A

the capillaries

101
Q

The __ and __ systems are key in maintaining homeostasis, with the __ system regulating essential bodily functions through hormones and the __ system providing quick responses to changes.

A

endocrine; nervous

102
Q

aerophagia

A

swallowing air

103
Q

A fecal occult blood test looks for:

A

erythrocytes - (red blood cells); this may indicate the presence of bleeding in the digestive tract.

104
Q

Lou Gehrig’s disease is also known as?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

105
Q

hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining:

A

hunger, thirst, body temp

106
Q

heart failure:

A

when the heart pumps blood too weakly (CHF)

107
Q

1 teaspoon =

A

5 ml

108
Q

1 tablespoon =

A

15 ml

109
Q

a UTI can cause urine to appear:

A

greenish-yellow due to the presence of bacteria and pus in the urinary system.

110
Q

biliary obstruction

A

a blockage of the bile ducts (the tube from the liver to the small intestine); can cause urine to become a dark brownish hue from increased bilirubin levels.

111
Q

the musculoskeletal system contains __, __, and __ tissues.

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

112
Q

the small intestine is the site of absorption for:

A

oral medications

113
Q

describe 24 hour urine collection:

A

used to test for substances that are sporadically excreted in the urine. It involves collecting urine over a 24-hr period, providing a comprehensive sample that captures fluctuations in excretion levels of various substances.

114
Q

When calcium levels are low, PTH:

A

is released to increase the levels of calcium in the blood

115
Q

Calcitonin (another endocrine hormone) __ calcium in the blood.

A

Lowers

116
Q

Procedures used for assessing CAD:

A

Doppler US, CT, MRI

117
Q

What are the three P’s of diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger)

118
Q

acetone breath is a condition in which the breath:

A

has a fruity or sweet smell due to the presence of acetone; often associated with diabetes, particularly uncontrolled diabetes.

119
Q

The average adult has about how many liters of blood?

A

5-6

120
Q

P wave:

A

atrial depolarization; the atria contract

121
Q

QRS wave:

A

ventricular depolarization; ventricles contract

122
Q

T wave:

A

ventricular repolarization; ventricles relax

123
Q

U wave:

A

Often not seen on an EKG. Further repolarization of the ventricles.

124
Q

PR interval:

A

represents the time it takes for the electrical impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles.

125
Q

QRS complex:

A

ventricular depolarization, which is the electrical stimulus that causes the ventricles to contract and pump blood.

126
Q

ST segment:

A

represents the period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization, when the ventricles are in the state of relaxation.

127
Q
A

Psychology (6 decks)

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