ANATOMY Flashcards
Neck: Anterior
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE:
- Submental
- Digastric (submandibular)
- Carotid
- Muscular
Neck: Posterior
Muscles in posterior neck
External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular vein
E: drains the face and scalp
I: drains face, neck and brain
What supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
spinal accesory nerve
Penises make boys pee
Prostatic, membranous, bulbar, pendulous
Esophageal hiatus
- T10
- It conveys the esophagus, vagus nerve, and some small esophageal arteries.
Aortic hiatus
- T12
- aorta and thoracic duct pass through
Male perineum
2 erectile tissues:
- Corpus cavernosum (2 lengths running)
- Corpus spongiosum ( 1 length running)
2 muscles:
- Bulbosponginosum muscle
- ishchiocavernosus muscle
-Yellow tear-drop shaped structure = pubic symphysis
femur
Top of tibia
The transverse ligament of the knee is a round, horizontal ligament on the anterior face of the tibia that connects the lateral meniscus to the medial meniscus.
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a strong ligament that anteromedially connects the posterior tibia to the medial femoral condyle.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a dense band of connective tissue that connects the posterior femur to the anterior tibia.
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is a short, thin ligament on the lateral side of the knee joint.
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a long, thin ligament that connects the medial femoral epicondyle to the anteromedial tibia near the pes anserinus.
The transverse ligament of the knee is a round, horizontal ligament on the anterior face of the tibia that connects the lateral meniscus to the medial meniscus.
Pelvis
- Ilium
- Ischium
-pubis
The obturator foramen is a large, obliquely oriented opening between the ischium and pubic bones that sits inferior to the acetabulum.
- Pubic tubercule
Superior pubic ramus
Ischial spine
Spines stick out
Turbercuels are bumps
crest is smooth
Femur enters into the acetabulum
The ischial spine is a small, pointed eminence on the posterior aspect of the ischium.
The iliofemoral ligament is a thick, triangular ligament that anteriorly covers the hip joint. Also known as the Y-ligament, this structure connects the ilium to the intertrochanteric line of the femur and prevents hyperextension of the hip.
The pubofemoral ligament is a triangular ligament anteroinferior to the hip joint. Connecting the pubic bone to the femur, this structure is critical in preventing excessive extension and abduction of the hip joint.
Soleus reflected back
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorium Longus
Flexor hallucis longus
The gastrocnemius is the most superficial of all the muscles in the posterior leg. It has medial and lateral heads and forms the characteristic “calf” shape of the leg.
The soleus is a flat muscle located underneath the gastrocnemius. It gets its name from its resemblance to a sole – a flat fish.
The plantaris is a small muscle which is absent in approximately 10% of the population.
There are three muscles within the superficial compartment of the posterior leg. They all insert onto the calcaneus (heel bone) of the foot, via the calcaneal tendon.
To minimise friction during movement, there are two bursae (fluid filled sacs) associated with the calcaneal tendon:
Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa – lies between the skin and the calcaneal tendon.
Deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon – lies between the tendon and the calcaneus.
There are four muscles in the deep compartment of the posterior leg
The popliteus is located behind the knee joint, forming the base of the popliteal fossa.
There is a bursa (sac-like structure containing a small amount of synovial fluid) that lies between the popliteal tendon and the posterior surface of the knee joint – it is called the popliteus bursa.
The flexor digitorum longus is a thin muscle and is located medially within the posterior leg.
The flexor hallucis longus muscle is located laterally within the posterior compartment (this is slightly counter-intuitive, as it is the opposite side to the great toe).
The tibialis posterior is the deepest out of the four muscles. It lies between the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus.
-Tibia has a lateral condyle and medial condyle but does not have an epicondyle.
- The medial and lateral epicondyles are found on the humerus, not the tibia.
- The tibial tuberosity is a palpable prominence on the anterior face of the tibia. It receives insertions of the quadriceps and the patellar tendon
- The soleal line is a short, oblique line on the posterior aspect of the tibia. It extends medially from the posterior shaft and serves as a landmark for the attachment of the soleus muscle
Fibula
The head of the fibula is a rounded protrusion at the most proximal end of the bone. This structure articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
Superior extensor retinaculum
Extensor Hallucis longus tendon
The superior extensor retinaculum is a single band of shiny fascia, just superior to the ankle joint.
Follow the tendon of this muscle to the big toe, or hallux. Extensor hallucis longus hides its muscle body between tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus. Gently separate these two muscles in lab to see it better.
Anterior Compartment of leg
The muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg are a group of four muscles that act to dorsiflex and invert the foot.
These muscles are collectively innervated by the deep fibular nerve (L4-S1). The arterial supply is through the anterior tibial artery.
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Extensor Hallucis longus
- Fibularis Tertius
The extensor hallucis longus is positioned deep to tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus. Its tendon emerges from between the two muscles to insert onto the big toe.
Tibialis anterior is the most medial muscle of the anterior compartment in the leg. Its insertion on the medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal allow it to dorsiflex and invert the foot.
Fibularis Tertium
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis longus
- They are the most lateral aspect muscles
- Anterior muscles - dorsiflexion
Tendons of foot
- Tibialis posterior (front)
- Flexor digitorium longus (middle)
- Flexor hallucis longus (back)
Posterior Tibial artery
Arteries of the lower leg
- Anterior Tibial Artery
- Posterior Tibial Artery
- Fibular artery
- All of these arteries branch of the popliteal artery
- The anterior tibial artery starts at the back of the leg and goes through the intrasseous space to get to the front of the leg. Here the anterior tibial artery supplies the anterior lower leg (only) and some parts of the knee.
- Posterior tibial artery supplies the lateral part of the leg and the knee.
- Fibular artery supplies the posterior and lateral parts of the leg.
Veins of the lower leg
- Great Saphenous vein
- Small Sapheneous vein
- veins run on either side of the leg
- These veins join at the foot at a point called the dorsal venous arch
Tibialis posterior tendon
Tibial nerve
Flexor Digitorium Longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Extensor Hallucis Brevis is a deep muscle that goes towards the hallux (toe)
- There is a extensor digitorium brevis but i think it is too deep for this picture.
Extensor digitorium longus
- Tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve runs down the posterior leg
Deep fibular nerve is a branch of the common fibular nerve and runs down the anterior compartment of the leg
Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh
-The muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are a group of muscles that (mostly) act to extend the lower limb at the knee joint.
- They are collectively innervated by the femoral nerve (L2-L4), and recieve arterial supply from the femoral artery.
- psoas major
- illiacus
- rectus femoris
- vastus medialis
- vastus lateralis
- sartorius
- pectineus
Extension
- Extension when leg is straight
Iliopsoas
- The iliopsoas is comprised of two separate muscles; the psoas major and iliacus.
- These muscles arise in the pelvis and pass under the inguinal ligament into the anterior compartment of the thigh – where they form a common tendon.
- Unlike many of the anterior thigh muscles, the iliopsoas does not perform extension of the leg at the knee joint.
- Attachments: The psoas major originates from the lumbar vertebrae, and the iliacus originates from the iliac fossa of the pelvis. They insert together onto the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Quadriceps Femoris
- The quadriceps femoris consists of four individual muscles – the three vastus muscles and the rectus femoris.
- Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus Medialis, rectus femoris
- The four muscles collectively insert onto the patella via the quadriceps tendon. The patella, in turn, is attached to the tibial tuberosity by the patella ligament.
SARTORIUS
- The sartorius is the longest muscle in the body. It is long and thin, running across the thigh in a inferomedial direction.
- Attachments: Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine, and attaches to the superior, medial surface of the tibia.
Pectineus muscle
Attachments: Originates from the pectineal line of the pubis bone. It inserts onto the pectineal line on the posterior aspect of the femur, immediately inferior to the lesser trochanter.
Muscles in the medial compartment of the leg
- Muscles in the Medial compartment of the leg are collectively known as the hip adductors
- There are five muscles in this group:
-gracilis
-obturator externus - adductor brevis
- adductor longus
- adductor magnus.
Gracillis Muscle
Muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh
- aka Hamstrings
Include: - biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- These muscles act to flex at the knee and extend at the hip
- They are innervated by the sciatic nerve (L4-S3).
Superficial gluteal muscles
The superficial muscles in the gluteal region consist of the three glutei and the tensor fascia lata. They mainly act to abduct and extend the lower limb at the hip joint.
Gluteal muscles:
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
Action of gluteus maximus
It is the main extensor of the thigh, and assists with lateral rotation. However, it is only used when force is required, such as running or climbing.
Action of gluteus minimus and medius
Abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb. It stabilises the pelvis during locomotion, preventing ‘dropping’ of the pelvis on the contralateral side.
Deep gluteus muscles
- Piriformis
- Gemelli - superior and inferior
- Obturator internus
- Quadratus femoris
Acetabular labrum
Ligamentum teres
Sciatic nerve
Obturator internus is ‘in’between the gemelli
Piriformis muscle
- pyramid shaped and located between the gluteus medius and the superior gemellus
- easiest way to identify piriformis is to know the sciatic nerve emerges from below it
- Popliteal artery right behind the knee
Work out if its the left or right leg
Ischial tuberosity
Pectoral region muscles
The pectoral region is located on the anterior chest wall. It contains four muscles that exert a force on the upper limb:
- the pectoralis major ( sternal head and a clavicular head)
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
- subclavius
Subclavius muscle
- small muscle which is located directly underneath the clavicle.