Anatomy Flashcards
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
Superior
Middle
Inferior
On which lung is the oblique fissure found?
Both lungs!
Runs at the level of rib 6 anteriorly, and T3 posteriorly.
Same height on both!
On which lung is the horizontal fissure found?
Right lung
This follows rib 4.
What is the purpose of the lung hila?
These are the lung root. A collection of structures which suspend the lung from the mediastinum.
What is contained in each hilum?
Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
TWO pulmonary veins
Bronchial vessels
Pulmonary nerve plexus
Lymph vessels
All enter and leave solely via the hilum.
Which lung has a lingula?
Left lung
Which lung vessel contain deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery (as carrying blood away from heart).
Which lung vessels contain oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary veins (as carrying blood back to heart).
Where does the right bronchial vein drain to?
The azygous vein.
Where does the left bronchial vein drain to?
The accessory hemiazygous vein.
What are the two pleura?
Visceral (closest to lung)
Parietal (closest to body wall)
At what point are the two pleura continuous with each other?
The hilum of each lung.
Does the visceral pleura enter into fissures?
Yes, it follows the lobes tightly
What is the pleural cavity?
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
Which pleura is sensitive to pain, pressure and temperature?
Parietal pleura
The visceral pleura is only sensitive to stretch.
Which nerves innervate the parietal pleura?
Phrenic nerve
Intercostal nerves
Which arteries supply the parietal pleura?
Intercostal arteries
How is the visceral pleura innervated?
The visceral pleura receives autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus.
What provides the autonomic supply of the visceral pleura?
Sympathetic trunk (sympathetic)
Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
What supplies blood to the visceral pleura?
Bronchial arteries
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
This is the most inferior part of the pleural cavity (when upright).
The most inferior region laterally is the costophrenic angle - where fluid collects in a pleural effusion.
What arises at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage in the neck - at the level of the C6 vertebra?
The trachea - it is a continuation of the larynx.
What type of epithelium is found in the trachea/bronchi?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - interspersed with goblet cells that produce mucus.
What is the ‘mucociliary escalator’?
The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus that traps particles and pathogens, moving them upwards to be swallowed and destroyed.
What provides sensory innervation to the trachea?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What provides the arterial supply to the trachea?
Inferior thyroid artery
At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
The level of the sternal angle (T3-T5).
It later undergoes further branching to produce secondary bronchi.
What does a secondary bronchi supply?
A single lobe of a lung.
What comes after secondary bronchi?
Segmental bronchi - which then become bronchioles.
How does cartilage distribution change as you progress down the respiratory tree?
Cartilage volume decreases, with bronchioles and alveoli lacking this entirely (means they are collapsible and flimsy).
How many ribs articulate posteriorly?
All twelve pairs articulate with the vertebra.
What ribs are often referred to as ‘true ribs’?
Ribs 1-7
These attach independently to the sternum anteriorly.
Where do ribs 8-10 attach?
These ribs attach to the costal cartilage above them.
Do ribs 11 and 12 have an anterior attachment?
No, these end in the abdominal musculature.
What level is the sternal angle found at?
The level of rib 2.
Where can the trachea be palpated?
The jugular notch at the top of the manubrium.
What is the diaphragm?
A dome-shaped, muscular structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
What is the principle muscle of respiration?
The diaphragm
Which part of the diaphragm is higher?
The right dome is higher due to the liver.
What innervates the diaphragm?
The phrenic nerve - feeds from C3, C4, C5 (keep the diaphragm alive).
What penetrates the diaphragm at T8?
Inferior vena cava
Terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve
What penetrates the diaphragm at T10?
Oesophagus
Right and left vagus nerves
Oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery/vein
What penetrates the diaphragm at T12?
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein
What is the role of the intercostal muscles?
Elevate the ribs to expand the chest during breathing - these are the muscles behind quiet inspiration.
Where does pectoralis major attach?
Between the sternum/ribs and the humerus.
What is the role of pectoralis major?
Can pull ribs upwards and outwards.
What is the job of the serratus anterior?
To hold the scapula against the ribcage - if the long thoracic nerve is damaged, this will protrude. Thus, producing a winged appearance.
Which muscles form an aponeurosis with the contralateral partner at the linea alba?
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus
