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Dentistry Module 4 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which suture is thought to be particularly pronounced due to more complex bio mechanical forces at this site?

A

Lambdoid suture

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2
Q

How may the lambdoid suture be identified?

A

Due to its very characteristic jagged appearance

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3
Q

How may the squamous suture be identified?

A

Due to its thin and non-jagged appearance

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4
Q

In a developing foetus and at birth, why does the neurocranium develop faster than the viscerocranium?

A

Neurocranium develops faster due to the level of brain development and growth that is required to sustain some early basic reflexes

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5
Q

Why are the orbits so disproportionately large in fetal skulls?

A

The eyes are an extension of the brain and are precociously large at birth, therefore requiring a large orbit

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6
Q

Which Fontanelle is last to close? And when?

A

Anterior fontanelle which closes between 18 months - 2 years old

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7
Q

In a fetal skull, why is there a lack of any substantial aspect to the mastoid part?

A

Due to the limited muscle mass associated with the SCM muscle in the infant

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8
Q

How many bones make up the developing occipital bone?

A

4 bones:

  • 1 squamous
  • 2 lateral
  • 1 basilar
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9
Q

What is the ‘foramen of Huschke’?

A

A developmental defect in the antero-inferior aspect of the bony external auditory meatus

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10
Q

At what typical rate is saliva produced in the oral cavity?

A

1200mL/day

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11
Q

While eating what happens to the quantity of saliva?

A

It increases

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12
Q

While sleeping, what happens to the quantity of saliva?

A

It decreases

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13
Q

what are the five functions of saliva?

A
  1. Prevent dehydration of oral mucosa
  2. Lubrication of mastication and swallowing
  3. Maintaining proper dental hygiene
  4. Assist in digestion of carbohydrates
  5. Act as a solvent for taste and smell
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14
Q

What nervous system supplies salivation?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

‘Sticky’ saliva

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16
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

‘Runny’ saliva

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17
Q

What is the periarterial plexus?

A

A network of sympathetic nerves that travel to salivary glands on the surface of arteries

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18
Q

Via what nerves does the parasympathetic nervous system supply salivary glands?

A

Cranial nerves: CN VII and CN IX

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19
Q

What are stimulatory factors that encourage salivation?

A
  • smell
  • taste
  • nausea
  • conditional reflexes
  • pain (teething)
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20
Q

What are inhibitory factors that discourage salivation?

A
  • fatigue
  • sleep
  • fear
  • dehydration
  • exercise
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21
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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22
Q

Where does the parotid gland drain saliva? And via what structure?

A

Drains near 2nd maxillary molar and via parotid papilla

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23
Q

Where does the submandibular gland drain saliva?

A

Drains to sublingual caruncle

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24
Q

Where does the sublingual gland drain saliva? And via what structure?

A

Drains superior into FOM via sublingual fold

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25
Q

what major salivary gland is the largest?

A

The parotid gland

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26
Q

Which major salivary gland is rich in amylase and produce 25% of daily saliva?

A

The parotid gland

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27
Q

which layer of deep cervical fascia extends up onto the face and encapsulates the parotid gland?

A

Investing layer

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28
Q

What are the contents of the parotid gland/region?

A
  • facial nerve plexus
  • retro mandibular vein ( superficial temporal vein + maxillary vein)
  • external carotid artery ( superficial temporal artery + maxillary artery)
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29
Q

What is the parotid bed?

A

Structures upon which the parotid gland lie

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30
Q

What are the structures that make up the parotid bed?

A
  • styloid process of temporal bone
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • stylohyoid
    -posterior belly of digastric
  • masseter muscle
  • posterior border of mandibular ramus
31
Q

Through what foramen does CN IX exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

32
Q

Where do parasympathetics to parotid gland arise from?

A

CN IX

33
Q

What branch of CN IX passes through the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

Tympanic branch

34
Q

When the tympanic branch of CN IX leaves he temporal bone, what is it referred to as?

A

The lesser petrosal nerve

35
Q

where does the lesser petrosal nerve synapse?

A

At the otic ganglion

36
Q

what type of fibres travel via the auriculotemporal nerve of CN V3 to reach the parotid gland?

A

Post-synaptic parasympathetic fibres

37
Q

What type of cells are found in the submandibular gland?

A

Mixture of serous and mucous cells

38
Q

What is the superior border of the submandibular triangle?

A

Inferior border of mandible

39
Q

What is the anetrior border of the submandibular triangle?

A

Anterior belly of digastric

40
Q

What is the posterior border of the submandibular triangle?

A

Posterior belly of digastric

41
Q

What is another name for the submandibular duct?

A

Wharton’s duct

42
Q

Where does the lingual nerve course in relation to the submandibular duct?

A

Inferiorly

43
Q

where does the submandibular duct drain to?

A

The sublingual caruncle

44
Q

What shape is the sublingual gland?

A

Almond shaped

45
Q

where does parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands come from?

A

CN VII

46
Q

Through what foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull onto the face?

A

The stylomastoid foramen

47
Q

What branch does CN VII give off, that runs alongside the lingual nerve of CN V3 to synapse at the submandibular ganglion?

A

Chorda tympani

48
Q

What type of epithelium covers the oral cavity, oropharynx and layrngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

What type of epithelium covers the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium

50
Q

What are the three parts of the mucosal layer of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosa
51
Q

What are the four major layers that compose the digestive tract? (from inside to out)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa or adventitia
52
Q

What two structures in the body contain mucous glands- usually found in the lamina propria- within the submucosa?

A

Oesophagus and duodenum

53
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

54
Q

What is the key feature of the mucous membrane of the stomach?

A

Presence of gastric pits

55
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Invaginations that open up into the lamina propria from the submucosa into multiple gastric glands

56
Q

What are the four main cells within a gastric gland?

A
  1. Parietal cells
  2. Mucous neck cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Neuroendocrine
57
Q

What two cells are found predominantly and the lower part of gastric glands?

A

Chief cell and neuroendocrine cells

58
Q

What is the role of chief cells within the gastric glands?

A

Secretes the digestive enzyme, pepsinogen.

59
Q

What is the role of parietal cells within gastric glands?

A

Hydrochloric acid producing cell

60
Q

In which region of the stomach are gastric pits shallow with long, straight gastric glands?

A

Fundus (body)

61
Q

In which regions of the stomach are gastric pits deep with branched, coiled gastric glands?

A

Cardia and pylorus

62
Q

Which region of the stomach has the deepest gastric pits, with branched coiled gastric glands?

A

Pylorus

63
Q

What are the three layers of the Muscularis externa?

A
  1. Inner oblique
  2. Middle circular
  3. Outer longitudinal
64
Q

which layer of the Muscularis externa aids the churning action of the stomach?

A

Outer longitudinal

65
Q

What does thickening of the inner circular layer of smooth muscle between the pylorus ad duodenum form?

A

Pyloric sphincter

66
Q

What small projections are found to line the small intestine?

A

Villi

67
Q

What “pits” are found between the bases of adjacent villi of the small intestine?

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

68
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

About 25cm

69
Q

What are the glands contained within the submucosa of the duodenum called?

A

Brunner’s glands

70
Q

In what part of the small intestine are villi the tallest?

A

Jejunum

71
Q

What part of the small intestine is characterised by shorter villi and aggregations of lymphoid follicles called Peyer’s patches?

A

Ileum

72
Q

What is the acidic, partly digested semi fluid material from the stomach that the duodenum receives?

A

Chyme

73
Q

What is the digestive tracts nervous system called?

A

The enteric nervous system

74
Q

What interconnected network of fibres controls gut motility?

A

The myenteric plexus

Dentistry Module 4 (20 decks)

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