Anatomy 1.1B

Question 1

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 1

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Question 2

What clinical conditions are associated with bone growth alterations?

Answer 2

Dwarfism, Marfan’s Syndrome, Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis

Question 3

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 3

Ossification that takes place inside the membrane, occurring in cranial bones and the sternum

Question 4

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 4

Ossification that occurs inside the cartilage, such as in long bones like the femur and humerus

Question 5

What are the four major steps in intramembranous ossification?

Answer 5

• Stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts secrete osteoid which calcifies
• Formation of woven bone
• Lamellar bone replaces woven bone

Question 6

What are fontanelles and their function?

Answer 6

Ossified remnants of fibrous membranes in an infant’s skull that allow for compression during birth and brain growth

Question 7

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 7

A condition known as ‘water on the brain’ caused by a blockage in the ventricular system

Question 8

What occurs during endochondral ossification?

Answer 8

Hyaline cartilage patterns are used for bone construction, which becomes calcified and replaced by bone

Question 9

What is the role of the epiphyseal plate in bone growth?

Answer 9

It allows for longitudinal growth of long bones through zones of cartilage cells

Question 10

What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 10

• Proliferation zone
• Hypertrophic zone
• Calcification zone
• Ossification zone

Question 11

What is appositional growth?

Answer 11

The process where osteoblasts secrete bone matrix on the external surface to widen bones

Question 12

What happens to bone remodeling as we age?

Answer 12

Osteoclastic activity outweighs osteoblastic activity, leading to thinner, lighter bones

Question 13

What are some examples of conditions that alter bone growth?

Answer 13

• Marfan’s syndrome
• Achondroplastic dwarfism
• Pituitary dwarfism

Question 14

What regulates bone remodeling?

Answer 14

Hormonal control loops and mechanical/gravitational forces

Question 15

What is the normal range for blood calcium levels?

Answer 15

9-11 mg/100ml of blood

Question 16

What hormone is released when blood calcium levels decline?

Answer 16

Parathyroid hormone

Question 17

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 17

A bone grows and remodels in response to the demands placed on it

Question 18

What are the stages of the physiological healing process after a fracture?

Answer 18

• Formation of a haematoma
• Growth of new blood vessels
• Formation of a soft callus
• Replacement with a spongy bone callus
• Bony union occurs

Question 19

What are the categories of bone markings?

Answer 19

• Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
• Surfaces that help form joints

Question 20

What is a tuberosity in bone markings?

Answer 20

A large rounded projection

Question 21

What is a crest in bone markings?

Answer 21

A narrow ridge of bone, usually quite prominent

Question 22

What is a trochanter?

Answer 22

A large blunt irregularly shaped process seen on the femur

Question 23

What is the function of the head in bone markings?

Answer 23

A bony expansion of a narrow neck

Question 24

What is a facet in bone markings?

Answer 24

A smooth fairly flat articular surface

Question 25

What is a trochanter?

Answer 25

A large blunt irregularly shaped process found on the femur ## Footnote The greater and lesser trochanters are specific examples found only on the femur.

Question 26

What is the term for a bony expansion of a narrow neck?

Answer 26

Head

Question 27

What is a facet in anatomical terms?

Answer 27

A smooth fairly flat articular surface ## Footnote Facets are seen where the ribs attach to the vertebral bones of the thoracic spine.

Question 28

What defines a condyle?

Answer 28

A rounded articular projection found at the end of long bones ## Footnote Examples include the condyles of the femur and humerus.

Question 29

What is a ramus?

Answer 29

A projection, such as that seen in the mandible of the jaw.

Question 30

What is a fissure?

Answer 30

A narrow slit-like opening.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a round or oval opening.

Answer 31

Foramen

Question 32

What is a notch or meatus?

Answer 32

A canal or passageway.

Question 33

What defines a sinus in anatomical terminology?

Answer 33

A cavity within a bone.

Question 34

What is a fossa?

Answer 34

A shallow basin.

Question 35

What are the sites for muscle attachment on the femur?

Answer 35

* Trochanter * Tuberosity * Tubercle * Crest * Line * Epicondyles

Question 36

What is the head of the femur?

Answer 36

An expansion on the narrow neck that provides the ball of the 'ball and socket' joint at the hip.

Question 37

What are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur?

Answer 37

Rounded projections forming part of the knee joint.

Question 38

What is the intercondylar fossa?

Answer 38

A shallow depression between the condyles.

Question 39

What are the two processes for ossification?

Answer 39

* Intramembranous * Endochondral

Question 40

What hormones coordinate long bone growth?

Answer 40

* Growth hormone * Sex hormones

Question 41

What regulates the release of calcium into blood?

Answer 41

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 42

What role do osteocytes play in bone remodeling?

Answer 42

They monitor and maintain bone matrix and release biochemical signals in response to physical stress.

Question 43

What are the three categories of bone markings?

Answer 43

* Projections that form attachment sites for tendons and ligaments * Projections that form joints * Depressions or openings to allow passage of neurovascular bundles