Anatomy 1-3 Flashcards
What are the four main types of tissue in the human body?
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
These tissue types have distinct functions and structures within the body.
What is the anatomical position?
A standard body position where the person stands tall, arms slightly abducted, and palms facing forward
This position is used as a reference point in anatomical studies.
What are the three main planes of the body?
- Sagittal plane
- Frontal (coronal) plane
- Transverse (horizontal) plane
These planes help to describe the location of body parts in relation to each other.
Define superior in anatomical terminology.
A body part that is located above another part
Example: The head is superior to the abdomen.
Define inferior in anatomical terminology.
A body part that is located below another part
Example: The umbilicus is inferior to the chin.
What are the two main body cavities?
- Dorsal body cavity
- Ventral body cavity
These cavities provide protection to the organs within them.
What organs are found in the thoracic cavity?
- Lungs
- Heart
The thoracic cavity is one of the major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity.
What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?
- Right upper quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
These quadrants help in locating organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.
What type of skeleton do humans have?
Endoskeleton
This type of skeleton is located inside the body, unlike an exoskeleton found in some animals.
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
- Protection of organs
- Support for muscles
- Storage of minerals
- Fat storage
- Production of red blood cells (haemopoiesis)
The skeletal system plays a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions.
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
206 bones
These bones are classified into axial and appendicular skeletons.
What is the diaphysis in a long bone?
The shaft of the long bone, composed of thick compact bone
It surrounds a central medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow.
What are the two types of bone marrow?
- Red bone marrow
- Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow is involved in blood cell production, while yellow bone marrow stores fat.
What are the four types of bone cells?
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Each type of cell has a specific role in bone growth and maintenance.
What is an osteon?
The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of circumferential lamellae
Osteons function like tiny weight-bearing pillars.
What is the role of osteocytes?
Monitor and maintain the mineralised bone matrix
Osteocytes act as stress and strain sensors within the bone.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a dense connective tissue covering of the external bone surface.
periosteum
This layer is continuous with tendons and provides a strong bond between muscle and bone.
What structure arises from the mesoderm layer in fetal development?
The connective tissue layer, which produces membranes and cartilages
This layer is crucial for skeletal development.
What starts to form in utero?
The bony skeleton
This formation occurs in the womb during embryonic development.
From which layer does the connective tissue arise in the fetus?
The mesoderm layer
The mesoderm produces embryonic mesenchymal cells.
What do embryonic mesenchymal cells produce?
Membranes and cartilages that produce the embryonic skeleton
These structures are crucial for skeletal development.
What is the composition of the embryonic skeleton before week 8 of fetal development?
Hyaline cartilage and fibrous membranes
This is the initial structure prior to ossification.
At what week do primary ossification centres begin to form?
Eight weeks of fetal age
This marks the beginning of bone ossification.
By what age do most long bones have well-defined primary ossification centres?
12 weeks of age
This is evident in fetal development.
What is the state of most long bones at birth?
Well ossified, except for the epiphyses
The epiphyses continue to develop postnatally.
What appears around the time of birth to aid in long bone growth?
Secondary ossification centres
They develop in a predictable sequence at the epiphyseal growth plate.
At what age do nearly all growth plates become completely ossified?
25 years of age
This is when skeletal growth ceases.
What does the skeletal system consist of?
Bones, cartilage, and ligaments
This forms a strong and flexible framework.
When does bone development occur?
In utero and during childhood
This highlights the critical periods for skeletal growth.
How many types of cells are involved in bone formation?
Four cells
These are stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
What type of tissue is osseous tissue?
A type of connective tissue
Osseous tissue is essential for bone structure.
Why can bone be considered an organ?
Because it is made up of multiple tissue types
An organ is defined by the existence of two or more tissue types.
What surrounds spongy bone?
Compact bone
Compact bone is smooth and solid.
How are bones classified?
Based on shape, not size
They can be long, flat, irregular, or short.
