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Cardiology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

RCA supplies

A
  • right atrium
  • most of the right ventricle
  • part of the left ventricle
  • part of the IV septum (posterior 1/3)
  • SA node in 60%
  • AV node in 80%
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2
Q

LCA supplies

A
  • left atrium
  • most of the left ventricle
  • part of the right ventricle
  • most of the IVS, including the AV bundle
  • SA node in 40%
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3
Q

Which aortic cusp does not give rise to a coronary artery?

A

posterior cusp

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4
Q

vibratory sensations felt on the skin over the area of turbulence

A

thrills

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5
Q

most frequent valve abnormality

A

aortic stenosis

caused by degenerative calcification and results in LV hypertrophy

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6
Q

produces heart murmur and collapsing pulse

A

aortic valve insufficiency

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7
Q

why saphenous vein is used for graft in CABG

A

-diameter equal to or greater than coronary artery
-can be easily dissected from lower limb
-lengthy portions with minimal branching
(also contains slightly more smooth muscle cells)

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8
Q

levels of spinal cord associated with cardiac referred pain

A

T1-T4 or T5

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9
Q

most common location for obstruction of flow in the aorta due to coarctation

A

near the ligamentum arteriosum

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10
Q

inadvertent injury to this during surgical procedures causes release of milky substance into thoracic cavity

A

thoracic duct

causes chylothorax
The thoracic duct enters the venous system at the left venous angle -> junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

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11
Q

What drains the thoracic, abdominal and back regions should the IVC become occluded?

A

azygos

hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins

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12
Q

What can be seen at the right border of heart on radiograph?

A

R braciocephalic vein
SVC
Right atrium
IVC

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13
Q

What can be seen at the left border of the heart on radiograph?

A

terminal part of the arch of the aorta
pulmonary trunk
left auricle
left ventricle

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14
Q

Where is the apex of the heart on radiograph?

A

inferior to the shadow of the diaphragm

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15
Q

what produces a vertical cardiac shadow on CXR?

A

narrow chest

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16
Q

What produces a transverse type cardiac shadow on CXR?

A

obesity
pregnancy
infant

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17
Q

What ribs articulate with the sternum?

A

1-7 (the true ribs)

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18
Q

maximum width of the heart divided by the maximum internal diameter of the thoracic cage (cardiothoracic ratio) as seen on frontal view of chest xray is greater than 50%
-assess on lateral view as well to determine AP diameter

A

cardiomegaly (enlarged heart)

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19
Q

What vein becomes prominent to the right of the trachea on CXR in a patient with CHF?

A

azygos vein

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20
Q

Which arteries branch from the RCA?

A

right marginal arteries

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21
Q

Which arteries branch from the LAD?

A
  • septal branches

- diagonals

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22
Q

How is dominance determined?

A

by which vessel supplies the inferolateral wall of the left ventricle

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23
Q

What branches from the LCX?

A

left marginal

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24
Q

Where does the LAD run?

A

IV groove

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25
Q

sternal angle to T4-T5 vertebrae

A

superior mediastinum

26
Q

from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm

A

inferior mediastinum

27
Q

includes the pericardium and its contents, including the great vessels

A

middle mediastinum

28
Q

What is continuous with the fibrous pericardium?

A

pericardiacophrenic ligament

29
Q

What is on the right in a position analogous to the aorta?

A

arch of the azygos vein

drains the thoracic wall and passes over the root of the right lung

30
Q

posterior to the manubrium and divides into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

A

brachiocephalic trunk

31
Q

Which branch off the aorta does not have any other branches in the mediastinum?

A

left subclavian artery

32
Q

Does the left vagus nerve pass anterior or posterior to the left lung root?

A

posterior

33
Q

Do the phrenic nerves pass anterior or posterior to the roots of the lungs?

A

anterior

34
Q

Describe the route of the right vagus

A

Descends in the neck posterior to the common carotids and passes anterior to the right subclavian. It gives rise to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve which hooks around the right subclavian artery and travels superiorly between the esophagus and the trachea to innervate the right larynx

35
Q

Describe the route of the left vagus

A

Descends the neck posterior to the left common carotid and passes into the mediastinum between the left common carotid and left subclavian. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve branches from it and passes inferior to the aortic arch immediately lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum and travels to the larynx between the esophagus and trachea

36
Q

Which nerve runs along the fibrous pericardium superficial to the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

left phrenic nerve

37
Q

Is the thoracic duct on the left or right side of the esophagus?

A

left

38
Q

Contents are: loose CT, fat, lymphatic vessels, a few lymph nodes and branches of the internal thoracic vessels

A

anterior mediastinum

bounded by sternum and tranverse thoracis muscles anteriorly and pericardium posteriorly
contains inferior part of thymus in children

39
Q

contains the thoracic aorta, thoracic duct and lymphatic trunks, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, azygos and hemiazygos veins, esophagus and esophageal nerve plexus

A

posterior mediastinum

40
Q

What level does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

T12 where it enters the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm

the thoracic aorta starts at T4

41
Q

the thoracic duct drains lymph from?

A

lower limbs, left upper quadrant (limb, head and neck), pelvic cavity and abdominal cavity

42
Q

What forms a collateral pathway between the IVC and SVC?

A

azygos system of veins

43
Q

What vein runs in the anterior IV sulcus with the LAD?

A

great cardiac vein

44
Q

What vein runs in the posterior IV sulcus with the posterior descending branch of the RCA?

A

middle cardiac vein

the small cardiac vein also drains regions served by the RCA

45
Q

Arterial branch off the LCX?

A

posterior left ventricular branch

46
Q

What is the origin of the phrenic nerve?

A

anterior rami of C3-C5

47
Q

What is the origin of the intercostal nerves?

A

anterior rami of T1-T11

Remember that when viewing the intercostals, the order inferior to the rib is V A N (vein, artery, nerve)

48
Q

What is the blood supply of the pericardium?

A 
internal thoracic artery
pericardiocophrenic artery
musculophrenic artery
bronchial, esophageal, & superior phrenic arteries
coronary arteries

Venous drainage is by pericardiocophrenic veins (off the brachiocephalic veins)

49
Q

innervation of the pericardium

A

C3-C5 (commonly referred pain to the skin)
vagus
sympathetic trunks

50
Q

largest papillary muscle in right ventricle?

A

anterior

attaches to anterior and posterior cusps of tricuspid

51
Q

which papillary muscle attaches to the posterior and septal cusps of the tricuspid?

A

posterior

52
Q

Which papillary muscle attaches to the anterior and septal cusps of the tricuspid?

A

septal

53
Q

level of the pulmonic valve

A

left 3rd costal cartilage

54
Q

what vein is the remnant of the embryonic SVC?

A

oblique vein

55
Q

horizontal ridges of muscle in the right atrium

A

pectinate muscles

56
Q

vertical ridge of muscle that connects the pectinate muscles

A

crista terminalis

SA node is at its superior end

57
Q

located in the interatrial septum above the opening of the coronary sinus

A

AV node

58
Q

Which veins drain into the right atrium?

A

anterior cardiac veins
coronary sinus
SVC and IVC

59
Q

which adrenergic receptors are in highest concentration in the coronary vessels?

A

beta-2

with increased activity these cause dilation which promotes more nutrient and oxygen delivery to the myocardium

60
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

right upper quadrant, including right side of head, neck and thorax as well as RU limb

Cardiology (10 decks)

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