Anatomy Flashcards
Describe the blood supply to the ureters
 “The blood supply to the ureter is provided from the cranial ureteral artery (from the renal artery) and the caudal ureteral artery (from the prostatic or vaginal artery).”
Excerpt From
Small Animal Surgery E-Book
Theresa Welch Fossum DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/small-animal-surgery-e-book/id1367916984
This material may be protected by copyright.
 Describe the anatomical position of the kidneys
Retroperitoneal space lateral to the aorta and caudal vena cava
Right kidney: cranial poor level with the 13th rib, opposite 1st through 3rd lumbar vertebrae. Cranial 1/3 covered by the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver
Left kidney: opposite 2nd to 4th lumbar vertebrae, father caudal to the right kidney by approximately 1/2 kidney length
Describe the blood supply to the urinary bladder
“The bladder receives its blood supply from the cranial and caudal vesical arteries, which are branches of the umbilical and urogenital arteries, respectively.”
Excerpt From
Small Animal Surgery E-Book
Theresa Welch Fossum DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/small-animal-surgery-e-book/id1367916984
This material may be protected by copyright.
What are the three anatomical regions of the male urethra?
“The urethra in male dogs and cats is divided into prostatic, membranous (pelvic), and penile portions ”
Excerpt From
Small Animal Surgery E-Book
Theresa Welch Fossum DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/small-animal-surgery-e-book/id1367916984
This material may be protected by copyright.
What three muscles responsible for elbow extension are innervated by the radial nerve?
Triceps brachii, tensor fascia antebrachii and anconeus muscle
What flexor muscles of the elbow are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
Biceps brachii and brachialis muscles
What muscle is innervated by the radial nerve but contributes to elbow flexion instead of extension?
Extensor carpi radialis
“An additional contributor to flexion during the swing phase is the extensor carpi radialis muscle. This is the only muscle that contributes to flexion of the elbow joint and is innervated by the radial nerve.”
Excerpt From
Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult
Spencer A. Johnston VMD, DACVS & Karen M. Tobias DVM, MS, DACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/veterinary-surgery-small-animal-expert-consult/id1250368401
This material may be protected by copyright.
What ligaments support the elbow joint? Are they intra-or extra synovial?
“Ligament support of the elbow joint consists of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, the annular ligament, and the interosseous ligament, all of which are extrasynovial.”
Excerpt From
Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult
Spencer A. Johnston VMD, DACVS & Karen M. Tobias DVM, MS, DACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/veterinary-surgery-small-animal-expert-consult/id1250368401
This material may be protected by copyright.
Discussed the functional anatomy of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow. When are they actively stabilizing the joint? What structures do they support at a certain degree of flexion or extension?
“When the elbow joint reaches 135 degrees of extension, the anconeal process articulates with the olecranon fossa and acts as the only primary stabilizer in pronation. In this position, the lateral collateral ligament provides primary stabilization for supination, with the anconeal process and the medial collateral ligament having secondary and tertiary roles, respectively.288 When the elbow and the carpus are held at 90 degrees, the medial collateral ligaments are responsible for the rotational stability of the elbow joint.”
Excerpt From
Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult
Spencer A. Johnston VMD, DACVS & Karen M. Tobias DVM, MS, DACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/veterinary-surgery-small-animal-expert-consult/id1250368401
This material may be protected by copyright.
What muscles (3) originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
“It gives origin to the mm. extensor digitorum communis, extensor digitorum lateralis, and the ulnaris lateralis. Functionally, it is known as the extensor epicondyle of the humerus.”
Excerpt From
Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog
Howard E. Evans & Alexander de Lahunta
https://books.apple.com/us/book/millers-anatomy-of-the-dog/id875302085
This material may be protected by copyright.
What muscles (4) originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
“Larger than the lateral epicondyle, it gives origin to the m. flexor carpi radialis, m. flexor digitorum superficialis, and the humeral heads of the mm. flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris.”
Excerpt From
Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog
Howard E. Evans & Alexander de Lahunta
https://books.apple.com/us/book/millers-anatomy-of-the-dog/id875302085
This material may be protected by copyright.
Number of sternebrae in the dog
8
What muscles border the femoral triangle?
“The femoral triangle is defined by the iliopsoas, pectineus, and sartorius muscles.”
Excerpt From
Small Animal Surgery E-Book
Theresa Welch Fossum DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/small-animal-surgery-e-book/id1367916984
This material may be protected by copyright.
Describe the blood supply to the pancreas
“The majority of the pancreatic blood supply originates from the celiac artery and is supplied via the splenic and hepatic arteries (Figure 97.3). The splenic artery is the primary blood supply to the left limb of the pancreas. The hepatic artery terminates as the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery, which enters the body of the pancreas and courses through the proximal portion of the right limb of the pancreas. Branches from the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery exit the pancreatic tissue and supply the closely associated duodenum. The caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery, a branch of the cranial mesenteric artery, supplies and courses through the distal portion of the right limb of the pancreas. The cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries anastomose within the right limb of the pancreas.”
Excerpt From
Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult
Spencer A. Johnston VMD, DACVS & Karen M. Tobias DVM, MS, DACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/veterinary-surgery-small-animal-expert-consult/id1250368401
This material may be protected by copyright.
Position of the umbilical vein in relation to liver lobes in the fetus
“In the fetus the umbilical vein from the placenta enters the liver between the quadrate and left medial lobes and is shunted into the caudal vena cava via a ductus venosus.”
Excerpt From
Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog
Howard E. Evans & Alexander de Lahunta
https://books.apple.com/us/book/millers-anatomy-of-the-dog/id875302085
This material may be protected by copyright.
Describe the formation of the caudal vena cava, beginning with the Caudal rectal and perineal veins
“Thus the blood from the anal canal returns to the heart both by the portal system, through the cranial rectal, caudal mesenteric, portal, and hepatic veins and by the caudal vena cava of the systemic system, through the caudal rectal and perineal veins, which are usually tributaries of the internal pudendal vein. The internal pudendal and caudal gluteal veins unite to form the internal iliac vein. The internal and external iliac veins unite to form the common iliacs, which in turn unite to form the caudal vena cava. ”
Excerpt From
Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog
Howard E. Evans & Alexander de Lahunta
https://books.apple.com/us/book/millers-anatomy-of-the-dog/id875302085
This material may be protected by copyright.
Describe the blood supply to the maxilla
“The blood supply to this region originates from branches of the common carotid arteries. The paired major and minor palatine arteries are important (Fig. 18.1). Two or three vessels emerge from the major palatine foramen at the caudal edge of the fourth upper premolar and course rostrally, midway between the midline and the dental arcade. The right and left major palatine arteries anastomose caudal to the incisors. The minor palatine arteries enter the palate caudal to the last molar and lateral to the major palatine artery, then course caudomedially to ramify in the caudal hard palate and soft palate.”
Excerpt From
Small Animal Surgery E-Book
Theresa Welch Fossum DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACVS
https://books.apple.com/us/book/small-animal-surgery-e-book/id1367916984
This material may be protected by copyright.
Describe the blood supply to the stomach
What is the location and function of the different secretory cells in the stomach?
Cardiac glands – found in the cardio – produce serous secretion
Pyloric glands – found in the pylorus and gastric body – produce mucoid secretion
Gastric proper glands – divided in parietal, chief, mucoid neck, and endocrine
- Parietal (oxyntic) - pump, hydrogen ions into the lumen, lowering pH to 2–3; secrete intrinsic factor necessary for B12 absorption in the duodenum. Low gastric pH is essential for activation of other pro enzymes.
- Chief – secrete pepsinogen, which is converted into pepsin by acidic environment. Essential for protein digestion.
- Mucus neck – produce mucus to protect mucosa from acidic environment
- Endocrine – produce histamine, gastrin and serotonin
