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endocrine > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called? what is it responsible for?

A

adenohypophysis

  • pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia

syntheis + release of most pituitary hormones

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2
Q

what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called? what is it responsible for?

A

neurohypophysis
- pars nervosa

releases ADH + oxytocin (synthesised in hypothalmus)

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3
Q

describe the location of the pituitary gland

A

midline structure in the pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

pituitary fossia lies in sella turcica

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4
Q

what cranial nerve innervates the platysma muscles?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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5
Q

in what week of development does the thyroid gland reach its final position?

A

7th week

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6
Q

where are the 4 parathyroid glands located?

A

the posterior surfaces of thyroid gland lateral lobes

-> superior + inferior on each side

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7
Q

the immediate superior relation to the pituitary gland is?

A

diaphragma sella

–> tough sheet of dura matter forming roof (diaphragm) over pituitary fossa

(also optic chiasma)

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8
Q

how do axons from the optic tract get to the visual cortex? where is the visual cortex?

A

axons in chain pass via optic radiation to visual cortex in occipital lobe

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9
Q

bilateral loss of temporal visual field

A

bitemporal hemianopia

–> can be caused by pituitary tumour crpressing optic chiasma

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10
Q

how can the pituitary fossa be surgically accessed?

A

transcranial approach - subfrontal (inferior to frontal lobe)

transsphenoidal approach - via nasal cavities + sphenoid sinus

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11
Q

what are paranasal sinuses? name them

A

air-filled sacs within bones surrounding nasal cavities

  1. frontal sinuses
  2. maxillary sinuses
  3. ethmoid air cells
  4. sphenoid sinuses
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12
Q

function of paranasal sinuses

A

no real function - reduces weight in skull, adds resonance to voice

lined by mucus-secreting respiratory mucosa - drains into nasal cavities through ostia

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13
Q

how are hypothalmic hormones transported to the pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal veins

–> to 2nd capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

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14
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (milk production)

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
luteinising hormone (LH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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15
Q

what does functional deficiet to the optic chiasma lead to?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

function = conducts AP bilaterally from nasal retinae

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16
Q

what does functional deficit to the trochlear nerve cause?

A

difficulty looking inferiorly and laterally

function = motor to one muscle that moves globe

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17
Q

where do the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins drain?

A

superior + middle = internal jugular -> brachiocephalic

inferior = directing into brachiocephalic

brachiocephalic -> SVC

18
Q

which nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

CN XI - spinal accessory nerve

19
Q

which muscle lies between the anterior and posterior trainagles of the neck?

A

sternocleidomastoid
sternal head - manubrium of sternum
clavicular head - medial end of clavicle
both attach to mastoid process of temporal bone

20
Q

which vein passes over sternocleidomastoid and can be seen superficially?

A

external jugular vein

21
Q

what muscles are found immediately deep to the skin of the neck? how are they innervated?

A

platysma muscles
belong to “muscles of facial expression”

CN VII = facial nerve

22
Q

what do the carotid sheaths contain?

A

internal jugular vein
common carotid artery
vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes

(x2 carotid sheaths)

23
Q

which fascial compartment is the thyroid found in? what else is contained in this compartment?

A

pretracheal fascia

oesophagus
trachea
thyroid gland
strap muscles
recurrent laryngeal nerves
24
Q

which fascial compartment is the trapezius muscles found in? what other muscle is found in here?

A

INVESTING FASCIA

sternocleidomastoid

25
Q

what does the prevertebral (deep) fascial compartment contain?

A

postural neck muscles

cervical vertebra

26
Q

where is the retropharyngeal space? what is it’s clinical importance?

A

between pretracheal + prevertebral sheath

passes down to mediastinum - any infection that gets to this space has potential to track down

27
Q

where do the superior and inferior thyroid arteries branch from respectively?

A

superior - external jugular artery

inferior - subclavian artery

28
Q

what does unilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

A

“hoarseness” or weakness of voice + weak cough

29
Q

what does bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

A

aphonia = inability to produce sound

inability to close rima glottidis (opening between vocal cords) - prevent aspiration, produce good cough (requires closure of rima glottidia)

30
Q

where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve lie in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

in the groove between trachea and oesophagus

?vagus more lateral

31
Q

course of travel of vagus nerve (CN X) superior to thorax

A

emerge from medulla oblongata
exit cranium via jugular foramen
descend in carotid sheath

32
Q

how does the vagus nerve descend through the thorax?

A

right CN X = lateral to trachea
left CN X = left side of aortic arch

both - POSTERIOR to lung hilum + plexus around oesophagus

33
Q

whats the difference between the route of the left and the right recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

left - wraps around arch of aorta

right - wraps around subclavian artery

34
Q

which structure is at risk of haemorrhaging in a surgery to access the pituitary?

A

internal carotid artery

35
Q

which cranial nerves could be affected by a pituitary tumour?

A

CN III - eye movement deficit, dilated pupil
IV - difficulty looking inferior + laterally
V1, V2 - parathesia of face
VI - difficulty abducting eye

36
Q

which bones must be fractures in a transsphenoidal approach?

A

nasal septum + floor
roof of sphenoid sunuses

(to access pituitary tumour)

37
Q

clinical term for enlargement of thyroid

A

goitre

38
Q

how does a swollen thyroid move in degluitition? why?

A

moves superiorly then inferiorly with larynx

due to relationship with trachea and larybx

39
Q

from which embryological remnant is a pyramidal lobe from?

A

thyroglossal duct

40
Q

name the 4 strap muscles

A

sternohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid (fascial sling)

41
Q

A 34-year-old lady undergoes a thyroidectomy for Graves disease. Post operatively she develops a tense haematoma in the neck. In which of the following fascial planes will it be contained?

A

pretracheal fascia

The pretracheal fascia encloses the thyroid and is unyielding. Therefore tense haematomas can develop.

42
Q

what is colloid in the thyroid gland?

A

It is a high molecular weight protein that acts as a storage form of thyroid hormones.

main component = thyroglobulin

endocrine (15 decks)

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